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The role of primordial emotions in the evolutionary origin
The role of primordial emotions in the evolutionary origin

... another species, such as, for example, a predator or a snake. Like the primordial emotions, substantial elements of their organization are hardwired as witness, for example, Hess’s experiments (1964) where electrical stimulation of the cat hypothalamus can cause rage, hissing, spitting and attack. S ...
Impact of early-life stress on the medial prefrontal cortex functions
Impact of early-life stress on the medial prefrontal cortex functions

... implications from the behavioral studies in animal models There are many different experimental procedures that model ELS in animals (mostly in rodents). They can be divided simply into prenatal and early postnatal procedures, according to the developmental time when the stressful event is applied ( ...
Fact vs fiction—how paratextual information
Fact vs fiction—how paratextual information

... when participants evaluated real persons and concluded that real persons elicit more autobiographical memory retrieval as they have a higher personal relevance (see also Summerfield et al., 2009). However, as all those studies used slightly different materials across conditions, it cannot be exclude ...
Evolution Within the Body: The Darwinian Lesson Extended
Evolution Within the Body: The Darwinian Lesson Extended

... bind with them so that other cells produced by the immune system can find and neutralize or destroy them. What is both striking and essential about antibodies is that they have a very close physical match to the antigens to which they bind. An effective antibody fits an antigen in much the way that ...
Supplementary Information
Supplementary Information

... acquired on a 1.5 Tesla General Electrics scanner (Signa Excite) using an inversion recovery spoiled gradient echo sequence with a field of view 22  22 cm2; matrix 256  256, 124 sagittal slices; whole brain and skull coverage; resulting voxel size 0.9 × 0.9 × [1.2−1.4] mm3; TR=10.3 s; TE=3.4 ms; a ...
Metabolic Processes - Part II
Metabolic Processes - Part II

... a. common cold viruses do not stimulate production of antibodies b. there are too many types of common cold viruses c. common cold viruses grow best at 33°C instead of 37°C d. the common cold seldom causes absence from work and school ...
doc - physiologicalcomputing.org
doc - physiologicalcomputing.org

... mental states of others by enabling a direct mapping of the actions, goals and intentions of others to the self. Understanding observed actions has been described as embodiment which is, in relation to the MNS, the simulation of another’s physical action (see Gibbs Jr. (2006) for a discussion on emb ...
Mircea Steriade
Mircea Steriade

... amused to compare this technique with the faster method used during the 1970s, when my technician spent the day developing hundreds of meters of 35-mm films, or with the method of today, when we no longer use such techniques and instead whole figures with numerous panels (as in Eccles' illustrations ...
Nerve activates contraction
Nerve activates contraction

... 1 Resting membrane is polarized. In the resting state, the external face of the membrane is slightly positive; its internal face is slightly negative. The chief extracellular ion is sodium (Na+), whereas the chief intracellular ion is potassium (K+). The membrane is relatively impermeable to both io ...
Unit – M Neuron, Impulse Generation, and Reflex Arc Structures and
Unit – M Neuron, Impulse Generation, and Reflex Arc Structures and

... Transmission of nerve impulses across a Synaptic cleft is carried out by chemicals called Neurotransmitters. These substances are stored in vesicles at the end of the axon. Noradrenalin (speeds up activity) and acetylcholine (slows down activity) are examples of neurotransmitters. ...
Functional architecture in monkey inferotemporal cortex revealed by
Functional architecture in monkey inferotemporal cortex revealed by

... The presentation of a visual stimulus evoked a few dark spots superposed onto the global darkening, distributed in the imaged TE region. To extract such localized spots, a cocktail reference image, averaged over the images obtained for all the different stimuli (excluding the images obtained without ...
Wernicke`s area homologue in chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) and
Wernicke`s area homologue in chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) and

... phonological processing, in particular, has been shown to recruit the cortex of the planum temporale and the inferior parietal lobe (e.g. Geschwind 1970; Wise et al. 1991; Karbe et al. 1998; Moffat et al. 1998; Nakada et al. 2001; Foundas et al. 2004; Campbell et al. 2008). In humans, the planum tem ...
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour

... this action was guided by observation of the same action performed by another. This pattern of activity has been observed in the posterior inferior frontal gyrus in studies using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) (Iacoboni et al., 1999) and magnetoencephalography (Nishitani and Hari, 2000 ...
NIH Public Access
NIH Public Access

... to be affected under the conditions of our study. α-Tocotrienol supplemented rats were protected against stroke-induced brain injury (Fig. 5F). Analysis of the brain tissue collected from the stroke site as well as from the contra-lateral nonstroke site of the brain demonstrated that while phospho-1 ...
Malformations of Cortical Development (MCD): Genetic Aspects
Malformations of Cortical Development (MCD): Genetic Aspects

... represent a major cause of developmental disabilities, severe epilepsy and reproductive disadvantage. Genes that have been associated to MCD are mainly involved in cell proliferation and specification, neuronal migration and late cortical organization. Lissencephaly-pachygyria-severe band heterotopi ...
Pausing to Regroup: Thalamic Gating of Cortico
Pausing to Regroup: Thalamic Gating of Cortico

... difficult to identify, and the interactions between acetylcholine and dopamine have been perversely recalcitrant to even the most extensive studies (Centonze et al., 2003; Cragg, 2006). Still further, the interactions of these systems with the massive glutamatergic inputs from the neocortex and thal ...


... Lesson 3.4 ...
Dipole Localization - Home
Dipole Localization - Home

... activity with MRI scans to better pinpoint the location of the activity within the brain, so the biomedical developers use patient's MRI images and EEG signals within a software program that determine the brain activity accurately, this program will confirm the neurosurgeons diagnosis. This book pro ...
Loss of autophagy in the central nervous system causes
Loss of autophagy in the central nervous system causes

... neurites, because they were observed in myelinated axons around pontine nuclei using both light and electron microscopy (Supplementary Fig. S3a, b). In contrast, almost no ubiquitin dots were observed in astroglial cells (Supplementary Fig. S3c). Together with the results in Fig. 3, we concluded tha ...
Planning and problem solving: from neuropsychology to
Planning and problem solving: from neuropsychology to

... is performed within one’s own representation of the problem. The total of the perceived states and operators comprise the subjective problem space. For example, in finding a way out of a maze, it is usually not possible to simply “read” the right way from an objective problem state, e. g. a map. Move ...
Parkinsonian Treatments and L-Dopa vs. D
Parkinsonian Treatments and L-Dopa vs. D

... experiences a reward, the dopamine levels in the brain elevate (Yavich, 2007). This also comes in to play with addiction. Many addictive drugs, act directly on the dopamine system—thus, when a person “gets high”, they feel rewarded for their actions, and therefore, continue to take the drug. Dopamin ...
Detection of grey matter loss in mild Alzheimer`s disease
Detection of grey matter loss in mild Alzheimer`s disease

... impairment to AD.3 However, the variability of the measurements because of the human tracer has so far limited direct comparisons of the results of different research groups. The development of observer independent tools might be a significant advancement. To date, some computer based tools are avai ...
The importance of cerebrospinal fluid in cerebral cortical development
The importance of cerebrospinal fluid in cerebral cortical development

... postmitotic neuron is generated, it must migrate away from the germinal epithelium towards their proper position within the developing cortical plate, which gives rise to the six-layered mammalian cerebral cortex [10]. The mammalian cerebral cortex is organized in six layers. They each contain neuro ...
Chapter 14:The Brain and Cranial Nerves
Chapter 14:The Brain and Cranial Nerves

... • The human brain is complex • Brain function is associated with life • This chapter is a study of brain and cranial nerves directly connected to it • Will provide insight into brain circuitry and function ...
hap6 - WordPress.com
hap6 - WordPress.com

... • The myelin sheath hardens to a tissue called the scleroses. • This is considered an autoimmune disease. ...
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History of neuroimaging

The first neuroimaging technique ever is the so-called ‘human circulation balance’ invented by Angelo Mosso in the 1880s and able to non-invasively measure the redistribution of blood during emotional and intellectual activity.Then, in the early 1900s, a technique called pneumoencephalography was set. This process involved draining the cerebrospinal fluid from around the brain and replacing it with air, altering the relative density of the brain and its surroundings, to cause it to show up better on an x-ray, and it was considered to be incredibly unsafe for patients (Beaumont 8). A form of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and computed tomography (CT) were developed in the 1970s and 1980s. The new MRI and CT technologies were considerably less harmful and are explained in greater detail below. Next came SPECT and PET scans, which allowed scientists to map brain function because, unlike MRI and CT, these scans could create more than just static images of the brain's structure. Learning from MRI, PET and SPECT scanning, scientists were able to develop functional MRI (fMRI) with abilities that opened the door to direct observation of cognitive activities.
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