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Spinal cord and reflexes
Spinal cord and reflexes

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Spinal cord and reflexes
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Full version (PDF file)

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Large brains and cognition: Where do elephants fit in?

... are met by travel over long distances, along with family and clan associations which are maintained at long distances, one would expect fitness benefits for long-term memory about details of the environment regarding food and water resources, as well as social relationships, to be accumulated within t ...
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... Electrical microstimulation of deep-layer neurons elicits saccadic eye movements to the contralateral visual field, with a specific direction and amplitude corresponding to a well-defined spatial topographic map [5,10,14,18,22]. In humans, although there have been various neuroimaging studies on the ...
PowerPoint Presentation - University of South Alabama
PowerPoint Presentation - University of South Alabama

... • Neurochemical methods can be used to determine the location of an enormous variety of substances in the brain. These methods can be used to localize neurotransmitters themselves, or the enzymes that ...
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History of neuroimaging

The first neuroimaging technique ever is the so-called ‘human circulation balance’ invented by Angelo Mosso in the 1880s and able to non-invasively measure the redistribution of blood during emotional and intellectual activity.Then, in the early 1900s, a technique called pneumoencephalography was set. This process involved draining the cerebrospinal fluid from around the brain and replacing it with air, altering the relative density of the brain and its surroundings, to cause it to show up better on an x-ray, and it was considered to be incredibly unsafe for patients (Beaumont 8). A form of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and computed tomography (CT) were developed in the 1970s and 1980s. The new MRI and CT technologies were considerably less harmful and are explained in greater detail below. Next came SPECT and PET scans, which allowed scientists to map brain function because, unlike MRI and CT, these scans could create more than just static images of the brain's structure. Learning from MRI, PET and SPECT scanning, scientists were able to develop functional MRI (fMRI) with abilities that opened the door to direct observation of cognitive activities.
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