Planarian shows decision-making behavior in response to multiple
... consists of several functional and structural domains defined by the discrete expression of homeobox genes, with a surprisingly complex set of expressed genes, sophisticated neural networks, and neural modulators that are quite similar to those used by mammals [4]. In addition, planarians can sense ...
... consists of several functional and structural domains defined by the discrete expression of homeobox genes, with a surprisingly complex set of expressed genes, sophisticated neural networks, and neural modulators that are quite similar to those used by mammals [4]. In addition, planarians can sense ...
Neuroimaging and ADHD: fMRI, PET, DTI Findings, and
... have found reduced total brain volumes and reduced volumes in these areas (Carmona et al., 2005; Castellanos et al., 2002). Vance et al. (2007) found evidence for a right striatal parietal dysfunction in ADHD boys. Specifically, while performing a spatial working memory task, boys with ADHD were fou ...
... have found reduced total brain volumes and reduced volumes in these areas (Carmona et al., 2005; Castellanos et al., 2002). Vance et al. (2007) found evidence for a right striatal parietal dysfunction in ADHD boys. Specifically, while performing a spatial working memory task, boys with ADHD were fou ...
Expected Value, Reward Outcome, and
... ities were mixed throughout the 90 trials (as the probability depended on whether a left or right choice was made, see Fig. 1a). The timing of the task is shown in Figure 1b. On each trial, the subject was shown a yellow cross at time zero and selected using a button box either a right or a left res ...
... ities were mixed throughout the 90 trials (as the probability depended on whether a left or right choice was made, see Fig. 1a). The timing of the task is shown in Figure 1b. On each trial, the subject was shown a yellow cross at time zero and selected using a button box either a right or a left res ...
Chronic stress prior to hippocampal stroke
... The stress procedure used was the same as that previously reported by Faraji et al. (2009) with the exception that the restraint tubes were manually vibrated for 5–10 s every 15 min of that stress phase in order to prevent habituation. For restraint stress, the animals in the stress + stroke group w ...
... The stress procedure used was the same as that previously reported by Faraji et al. (2009) with the exception that the restraint tubes were manually vibrated for 5–10 s every 15 min of that stress phase in order to prevent habituation. For restraint stress, the animals in the stress + stroke group w ...
Circadian and histaminergic regulation of the sleep
... The hypothalamus has a unique position in the regulation of the sleep-wakefulness cycle, because it harbors key sleep-active and wakefulness-active neuronal populations, and the master circadian clock that is located in the suprachiasmatic nuclei. The hypothalamic areas, which are active specificall ...
... The hypothalamus has a unique position in the regulation of the sleep-wakefulness cycle, because it harbors key sleep-active and wakefulness-active neuronal populations, and the master circadian clock that is located in the suprachiasmatic nuclei. The hypothalamic areas, which are active specificall ...
Beyond dreams: do sleep-related movements
... epiphenomena that result from incomplete blockade of dream-related cortical activity. This view persists despite the fact that twitching is unaffected in infants and adults when the cortex is disconnected from the brainstem. In 1966, Roffwarg and colleagues introduced the ontogenetic hypothesis, whi ...
... epiphenomena that result from incomplete blockade of dream-related cortical activity. This view persists despite the fact that twitching is unaffected in infants and adults when the cortex is disconnected from the brainstem. In 1966, Roffwarg and colleagues introduced the ontogenetic hypothesis, whi ...
pre_print_Blunted_and_exaggerated_cardiac_stress_reactivity
... Ten (4 exaggerated and 6 blunted reactors) participants were selected from a temporal stability study in which cardiac reactions to a mental stress task, a 10-minute version of the paced auditory serial arithmetic test (PASAT; Gronwall, 1977), were measured using Doppler Echocardiography and electro ...
... Ten (4 exaggerated and 6 blunted reactors) participants were selected from a temporal stability study in which cardiac reactions to a mental stress task, a 10-minute version of the paced auditory serial arithmetic test (PASAT; Gronwall, 1977), were measured using Doppler Echocardiography and electro ...
Estrogen Actions Throughout the Brain
... obviously related to estrogen actions on reproduction. Eventually, however, nerve cells containing ERs were recognized in brain regions like the hippocampus, cerebral cortex, midbrain, and brainstem. We are now aware of two types of intracellular ER, ER␣ and ER (see McEwen and Alves, 1999, for summ ...
... obviously related to estrogen actions on reproduction. Eventually, however, nerve cells containing ERs were recognized in brain regions like the hippocampus, cerebral cortex, midbrain, and brainstem. We are now aware of two types of intracellular ER, ER␣ and ER (see McEwen and Alves, 1999, for summ ...
Mapping Pavlovian Conditioning Effects on the Brain: Blocking
... three types of theories emphasize either CS, US or CR behavioral mechanisms, their implications can be considered in light of functional neural data. For example, differences in neural modification of CS pathways by excitor and blocked CSs would provide support for CS inattention interpretations of ...
... three types of theories emphasize either CS, US or CR behavioral mechanisms, their implications can be considered in light of functional neural data. For example, differences in neural modification of CS pathways by excitor and blocked CSs would provide support for CS inattention interpretations of ...
Cytoarchitecture of the canine perirhinal and postrhinal cortex
... fields composing the caudal extension of both areas are included into this cortex. In the rat’s brain, it has been defined as the postrhinal cortex (Fig. 6A), corresponding to areas TF and TH of the parahippocampal gyrus in the monkey (Fig. 6C) (Burwell et al. 1995). The anterior limit of the poster ...
... fields composing the caudal extension of both areas are included into this cortex. In the rat’s brain, it has been defined as the postrhinal cortex (Fig. 6A), corresponding to areas TF and TH of the parahippocampal gyrus in the monkey (Fig. 6C) (Burwell et al. 1995). The anterior limit of the poster ...
The GABAergic system in schizophrenia
... antipsychotic effects in of themselves (Wassef et al., 1999). In-vivo pharmacological manipulation of the GABAergic system indicates that GABAergic function is potentially relevant to the pathophysiology of schizophrenia. For example, blockade of GABA receptors with picrotoxin in the prefrontal cort ...
... antipsychotic effects in of themselves (Wassef et al., 1999). In-vivo pharmacological manipulation of the GABAergic system indicates that GABAergic function is potentially relevant to the pathophysiology of schizophrenia. For example, blockade of GABA receptors with picrotoxin in the prefrontal cort ...
Central Nervous System (CNS) The Brain Embryonic Development
... • Paired, egg-shaped masses that form the superolateral walls of the third ventricle • Connected at the midline by the intermediate mass • Contains four groups of nuclei – anterior, ventral, dorsal, and posterior • Nuclei project and receive fibers from the cerebral cortex The Central nervous System ...
... • Paired, egg-shaped masses that form the superolateral walls of the third ventricle • Connected at the midline by the intermediate mass • Contains four groups of nuclei – anterior, ventral, dorsal, and posterior • Nuclei project and receive fibers from the cerebral cortex The Central nervous System ...
From Neuro-Psychoanalysis to Cognitive and Affective Automation Systems
... can act in highly dynamic, complex, and uncertain environments. Traditional, rule-based models mainly used in the field so far are not adaptive enough to meet these requirements, more flexible descriptions and solutions are necessary. The fields of artificial intelligence (AI) is vast and has alread ...
... can act in highly dynamic, complex, and uncertain environments. Traditional, rule-based models mainly used in the field so far are not adaptive enough to meet these requirements, more flexible descriptions and solutions are necessary. The fields of artificial intelligence (AI) is vast and has alread ...
Lillienfeld: Chapter 3 lecture PowerPoint
... they do. Describe electrical responses of neurons and what makes them possible. Explain how neurons use neurotransmitters to communicate with ...
... they do. Describe electrical responses of neurons and what makes them possible. Explain how neurons use neurotransmitters to communicate with ...
Full version (PDF file)
... It is true that central NO can reduce blood pressure through the attenuation of sympathetic activity in hypertensive rats (Zhou et al. 2014, Ramachandra et al. 2014, Pechanova and Simko 2009). Thus, we hypothesized that melatonin may contribute to blood pressure reduction by increasing brain NOS act ...
... It is true that central NO can reduce blood pressure through the attenuation of sympathetic activity in hypertensive rats (Zhou et al. 2014, Ramachandra et al. 2014, Pechanova and Simko 2009). Thus, we hypothesized that melatonin may contribute to blood pressure reduction by increasing brain NOS act ...
4 Aromatic Amino Acids in the Brain - Wurtman Lab
... Abstract: This chapter describes the aromatic L‐amino acids tryptophan and tyrosine and the effects on tyrosine metabolism of phenylalanine. Tryptophan and phenylalanine are essential amino acids and must ultimately be derived from dietary proteins; tyrosine is obtained both from dietary proteins an ...
... Abstract: This chapter describes the aromatic L‐amino acids tryptophan and tyrosine and the effects on tyrosine metabolism of phenylalanine. Tryptophan and phenylalanine are essential amino acids and must ultimately be derived from dietary proteins; tyrosine is obtained both from dietary proteins an ...
connect_review_20150316 - Royal Holloway, University of London
... connections enable effective connectivity, plasticity can alter the ability of a physical structure to transmit information and this plasticity may be captured by effective connectivity measures. Stephen et al. (2009) have suggested that knowledge about structural connectivity can be implemented as ...
... connections enable effective connectivity, plasticity can alter the ability of a physical structure to transmit information and this plasticity may be captured by effective connectivity measures. Stephen et al. (2009) have suggested that knowledge about structural connectivity can be implemented as ...
How Does the Brain Produce Movement?
... forms the motor cortex that the cup is now being held. Other regions of the brain also participate in controlling the movement, such as the basal ganglia, which help to produce the appropriate amount of force, and the cerebellum, which helps to regulate timing and corrects any errors in movement. Al ...
... forms the motor cortex that the cup is now being held. Other regions of the brain also participate in controlling the movement, such as the basal ganglia, which help to produce the appropriate amount of force, and the cerebellum, which helps to regulate timing and corrects any errors in movement. Al ...
FREE Sample Here
... 22. The membrane potential of a neuron at rest, or what is termed its “resting potential,” is about __________ a) -50 millivolts. b) -70 millivolts. Correct. The resting potential of a human neuron is about -70 millivolts. c) +50 millivolts. Incorrect. +50 millivolts is the action potential of a hum ...
... 22. The membrane potential of a neuron at rest, or what is termed its “resting potential,” is about __________ a) -50 millivolts. b) -70 millivolts. Correct. The resting potential of a human neuron is about -70 millivolts. c) +50 millivolts. Incorrect. +50 millivolts is the action potential of a hum ...
world-of-psychology-7th-edition-wood-test-bank
... Learning Objective 2.2 – How are messages transmitted through the nervous system? 21. When a cell is “at rest,” it is in a state called the __________. a) stopping point b) obcipitation junction Incorrect. This is a fictitious word. c) resting potential Correct. A cell at rest is in a state called t ...
... Learning Objective 2.2 – How are messages transmitted through the nervous system? 21. When a cell is “at rest,” it is in a state called the __________. a) stopping point b) obcipitation junction Incorrect. This is a fictitious word. c) resting potential Correct. A cell at rest is in a state called t ...
FREE Sample Here - We can offer most test bank and
... Full file at http://emailtestbank.com/ Test-Bank-for-Psychology-An-Exploration-2nd-Edition-by-Ciccarelli ANS: c, p. 45, C, LO=2.1, (1) 31. During the action potential, the electrical charge inside the neuron is __________ the electrical charge outside the neuron. a) positive compared to Correct. Th ...
... Full file at http://emailtestbank.com/ Test-Bank-for-Psychology-An-Exploration-2nd-Edition-by-Ciccarelli ANS: c, p. 45, C, LO=2.1, (1) 31. During the action potential, the electrical charge inside the neuron is __________ the electrical charge outside the neuron. a) positive compared to Correct. Th ...
judasMRT99
... variety of proposed roles in the developing, adult, and diseased brain. With respect to the intensity of their histochemical (NADPH-diaphorase histochemistry) and immunocytochemical (nNOS and eNOS immunocytochemistry) staining, these nitrinergic neurons are generally divided in type I and type II ce ...
... variety of proposed roles in the developing, adult, and diseased brain. With respect to the intensity of their histochemical (NADPH-diaphorase histochemistry) and immunocytochemical (nNOS and eNOS immunocytochemistry) staining, these nitrinergic neurons are generally divided in type I and type II ce ...
Molecular and functional analysis of Drosophila single
... Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Program in Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, NC 27599-3280, USA Department of Biology, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, NC 27599-3280, USA ...
... Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Program in Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, NC 27599-3280, USA Department of Biology, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, NC 27599-3280, USA ...
ANS: c, p. 42, F, LO=2.1, (1)
... c) regulating metabolic activity and serving as pain detectors d) monitoring neural transmission and releasing hormones in the brain ANS: a, pp. 43-44, C, LO=2.1, (3) % correct 59 a= 59 b= 4 c= 11 d= 22 r = .32 18. Two types of glial cells, called __________ and ___________, generate myelin. e) occi ...
... c) regulating metabolic activity and serving as pain detectors d) monitoring neural transmission and releasing hormones in the brain ANS: a, pp. 43-44, C, LO=2.1, (3) % correct 59 a= 59 b= 4 c= 11 d= 22 r = .32 18. Two types of glial cells, called __________ and ___________, generate myelin. e) occi ...
Hindbrain noradrenergic A2 neurons: diverse roles in autonomic
... inputs from the hypothalamus and limbic forebrain (30, 67, 68, 137, 138). These inputs are reviewed in the following section. Central inputs to A2 neurons. Retrograde and anterograde tract-tracing studies have revealed a wide array of brain stem and forebrain nuclei that project directly to the visc ...
... inputs from the hypothalamus and limbic forebrain (30, 67, 68, 137, 138). These inputs are reviewed in the following section. Central inputs to A2 neurons. Retrograde and anterograde tract-tracing studies have revealed a wide array of brain stem and forebrain nuclei that project directly to the visc ...