Principles of Neural Science
... THE BASAL GANGLIA CONSIST of four nuclei, portions of which play a major role in normal voluntary movement. Unlike most other components of the motor system, however, they do not have direct input or output connections with the spinal cord. These nuclei receive their primary input from the cerebral ...
... THE BASAL GANGLIA CONSIST of four nuclei, portions of which play a major role in normal voluntary movement. Unlike most other components of the motor system, however, they do not have direct input or output connections with the spinal cord. These nuclei receive their primary input from the cerebral ...
A Brain Adaptation View of Plasticity: Is Synaptic Plasticity An Overly
... the brain. Tanzi (1893) initially emphasized the possibility of strength changes in pre-existing connections while Ramon y Cajal (1893) stressed both the formation and loss of connections. The ability to appropriately investigate these possibilities was limited by the availability of suitable tools, ...
... the brain. Tanzi (1893) initially emphasized the possibility of strength changes in pre-existing connections while Ramon y Cajal (1893) stressed both the formation and loss of connections. The ability to appropriately investigate these possibilities was limited by the availability of suitable tools, ...
The effect of lithium on the adrenoceptor
... been well characterized pharmacologically and, more recently, the use of molecular biology techniques has provided new information about the structure and functional domains of these receptors. The central noradrenergic system is implicated in the hypothesis concerning the origin of depression, and ...
... been well characterized pharmacologically and, more recently, the use of molecular biology techniques has provided new information about the structure and functional domains of these receptors. The central noradrenergic system is implicated in the hypothesis concerning the origin of depression, and ...
BDNF-modulated Spatial Organization of Cajal
... cortex with disorganized CR cells and aberrant cortical lamination (Ringstedt et al., 1998). During embryonic development, CR neurons express BDNF and NT4 along with their receptor TrkB (Fukumitsu et al., 1998), whereas GABAergic neurons only express TrkB (Gorba and Wahle, 1999). Both neuronal cell ...
... cortex with disorganized CR cells and aberrant cortical lamination (Ringstedt et al., 1998). During embryonic development, CR neurons express BDNF and NT4 along with their receptor TrkB (Fukumitsu et al., 1998), whereas GABAergic neurons only express TrkB (Gorba and Wahle, 1999). Both neuronal cell ...
physiological organization of layer 4 in macaque striate cortex
... afferents terminate in layer 4 of striate cortex-an arrangement which ensures that most visual information passes through this lamina before becoming available to other cortical cells. As a consequence, most cells in layer 4 do not exhibit the orientation selectivity and binocularity that one normal ...
... afferents terminate in layer 4 of striate cortex-an arrangement which ensures that most visual information passes through this lamina before becoming available to other cortical cells. As a consequence, most cells in layer 4 do not exhibit the orientation selectivity and binocularity that one normal ...
PT 311 NEUROSCIENCE
... eyes (which often indicate what we are thinking about); and the nucleus accumbens is concerned with movement of emotion or motivated behavior. ...
... eyes (which often indicate what we are thinking about); and the nucleus accumbens is concerned with movement of emotion or motivated behavior. ...
12 - Humbleisd.net
... Epithalamus • Most dorsal portion of diencephalon; forms roof of third ventricle • Pineal gland (body)—extends from posterior border and secretes melatonin – Melatonin—helps regulate sleep-wake cycle ...
... Epithalamus • Most dorsal portion of diencephalon; forms roof of third ventricle • Pineal gland (body)—extends from posterior border and secretes melatonin – Melatonin—helps regulate sleep-wake cycle ...
Skeletal System
... Depending on the receptors present on the target organ, its response to these neurotransmitters may be either excitation or inhibition ...
... Depending on the receptors present on the target organ, its response to these neurotransmitters may be either excitation or inhibition ...
Sonic Hedgehog Expression in Corticofugal Projection Neurons
... online), while the majority of cells expressing Shh protein appeared to be pyramidal neurons (Figures S1B–S1D). This was surprising due to the high level of expression and large number of Shh lineage cells found in the mantle zone of the medial ganglionic eminence, the source of tangentially migrati ...
... online), while the majority of cells expressing Shh protein appeared to be pyramidal neurons (Figures S1B–S1D). This was surprising due to the high level of expression and large number of Shh lineage cells found in the mantle zone of the medial ganglionic eminence, the source of tangentially migrati ...
Evolution of Specialized Pyramidal Neurons in
... asymmetrically at almost any point around its surface [Braak and Braak, 1976; Scheibel et al., 1977; Scheibel and Scheibel, 1978; Meyer, 1987]. Although these dendrites project into all cortical layers, most horizontal dendritic arbors occupy layers V and VI with some reaching into the white matter ...
... asymmetrically at almost any point around its surface [Braak and Braak, 1976; Scheibel et al., 1977; Scheibel and Scheibel, 1978; Meyer, 1987]. Although these dendrites project into all cortical layers, most horizontal dendritic arbors occupy layers V and VI with some reaching into the white matter ...
Brainstem Afferents of the Cholinoceptive Pontine Wave Generation
... nucleus; 7n, facial nerve or its root; 8vn, vestibular root vestibulocochlear nucleus; Aq, aqueduct; BIC, nucleus brachium inferior colliculus; CnF, cuneiform nucleus; CP, cerebral peduncle, basal; ctg, central tegmental tract; DC, dorsal cochlear nucleus; DR, dorsal raphe; Gi, gigantocellular retic ...
... nucleus; 7n, facial nerve or its root; 8vn, vestibular root vestibulocochlear nucleus; Aq, aqueduct; BIC, nucleus brachium inferior colliculus; CnF, cuneiform nucleus; CP, cerebral peduncle, basal; ctg, central tegmental tract; DC, dorsal cochlear nucleus; DR, dorsal raphe; Gi, gigantocellular retic ...
Auditory Hallucinations as a Separate Entitity
... (AAr) and the area surrounding it are also essential for auditory spatial memory and for mediating changes in gaze to and guiding movements toward, remembered auditory stimuli. Consistent with their electrophysiological properties, behavioral experiments have demonstrated that both the auditory thal ...
... (AAr) and the area surrounding it are also essential for auditory spatial memory and for mediating changes in gaze to and guiding movements toward, remembered auditory stimuli. Consistent with their electrophysiological properties, behavioral experiments have demonstrated that both the auditory thal ...
031809.M1-CNS.HypothalmusLimbicSystem
... receive input from the hippocampus via the fornix. They project to the anterior nucleus of the thalamus through the mammillothalamic tract. Damage to the mammillary bodies and their connections with the hippocampus produces anterograde amnesia (as seen in Korsakoff’s syndrome). ...
... receive input from the hippocampus via the fornix. They project to the anterior nucleus of the thalamus through the mammillothalamic tract. Damage to the mammillary bodies and their connections with the hippocampus produces anterograde amnesia (as seen in Korsakoff’s syndrome). ...
Emx1/2 and neocorticogenesis - Development
... 2001). The glial cells transdifferentiate into astrocytes during the perinatal period following the completion of neuronal migration. Both radial glial and CR cells are transient pioneer cells, appearing and disappearing at similar stages. As pioneer neurons, subplate neurons play a role in the guid ...
... 2001). The glial cells transdifferentiate into astrocytes during the perinatal period following the completion of neuronal migration. Both radial glial and CR cells are transient pioneer cells, appearing and disappearing at similar stages. As pioneer neurons, subplate neurons play a role in the guid ...
May 21, 04.doc
... Sensory deprivation has been a productive approach to investigate the effects of environmental stimuli on adult and developing brain. Whereas lack of normal excitatory inputs leaves some cortical neurotransmitter systems unaffected (Goodman et al., 1993; Schlaggar et al, 1993), it can lead to down r ...
... Sensory deprivation has been a productive approach to investigate the effects of environmental stimuli on adult and developing brain. Whereas lack of normal excitatory inputs leaves some cortical neurotransmitter systems unaffected (Goodman et al., 1993; Schlaggar et al, 1993), it can lead to down r ...
The Evolution of Neuron Types and Cortical
... somata, glial cell nuclei, and endothelial nuclei versus neuropil. GLI values are highly correlated with the volume density occupied by neurons since glial and endothelial cell nuclei contribute only a very small proportion of the total volume. A phylogenetic clade that includes lesser apes (gibbons ...
... somata, glial cell nuclei, and endothelial nuclei versus neuropil. GLI values are highly correlated with the volume density occupied by neurons since glial and endothelial cell nuclei contribute only a very small proportion of the total volume. A phylogenetic clade that includes lesser apes (gibbons ...
Soltis Autism: a Spectrum of Research Abby Soltis Final Draft Senior
... correlation between glutamate levels could be found, perhaps due to the small sample size (Purcell et al., 2001). Glutamate receptors are located in the cerebellum and hippocampus. Both regions, which have been repeatedly implicated as containing abnormalities in autistic brains (Purcell et al., 200 ...
... correlation between glutamate levels could be found, perhaps due to the small sample size (Purcell et al., 2001). Glutamate receptors are located in the cerebellum and hippocampus. Both regions, which have been repeatedly implicated as containing abnormalities in autistic brains (Purcell et al., 200 ...
Spinal Cord - Sydney University Medical Society
... The different types of sensory information are Tactile (i.e. touch / vibration), Proprioception (i.e. position) and Pain / Temperature The sensory receptors / fibres associated with each sensory modality are: o Proprioception Muscle Spindles (also known as Neuromuscular Spindles) – these are locat ...
... The different types of sensory information are Tactile (i.e. touch / vibration), Proprioception (i.e. position) and Pain / Temperature The sensory receptors / fibres associated with each sensory modality are: o Proprioception Muscle Spindles (also known as Neuromuscular Spindles) – these are locat ...
In transverse section, the spinal cord features: -
... Fig. 15. Meninges are connective tissue layers surrounding the brain, the spinal cord, and the roots of peripheral nerves. The pia mater (P) is a delicate connective tissue layer attached directly to the white matter of the spinal cord. The dura mater (D) is a thick connective tissue layer. It is t ...
... Fig. 15. Meninges are connective tissue layers surrounding the brain, the spinal cord, and the roots of peripheral nerves. The pia mater (P) is a delicate connective tissue layer attached directly to the white matter of the spinal cord. The dura mater (D) is a thick connective tissue layer. It is t ...
17. Pathways and Integrative Functions
... axons from sensory neurons originating in the upper limbs, superior trunk, neck, and posterior region of the head, whereas the fasciculus gracilis carries axons from sensory neurons originating in the lower limbs and inferior trunk. The sensory input into both posterior funiculi is organized somatot ...
... axons from sensory neurons originating in the upper limbs, superior trunk, neck, and posterior region of the head, whereas the fasciculus gracilis carries axons from sensory neurons originating in the lower limbs and inferior trunk. The sensory input into both posterior funiculi is organized somatot ...
The functional asymmetry of auditory cortex is reflected
... According to this canonical model of cortical circuitry1, informa tion from the thalamus enters the cortex by way of thalamocortical synapses onto neurons in cortical layer 4 (L4), and these L4 neurons then transmit information to neurons in L2/3 and then to layer 5 (L5) (for example, refs. 2,3). T ...
... According to this canonical model of cortical circuitry1, informa tion from the thalamus enters the cortex by way of thalamocortical synapses onto neurons in cortical layer 4 (L4), and these L4 neurons then transmit information to neurons in L2/3 and then to layer 5 (L5) (for example, refs. 2,3). T ...
Morphological and Functional Types of Neurons
... specificity. The first set involved the retrograde labeling of VB neurons from injections of horseradish peroxidase (HRP) placed in the internal capsule. The second set was an intra- and extracellular study of the physiological types of neurons in VB. The third set involved the intracellular injecti ...
... specificity. The first set involved the retrograde labeling of VB neurons from injections of horseradish peroxidase (HRP) placed in the internal capsule. The second set was an intra- and extracellular study of the physiological types of neurons in VB. The third set involved the intracellular injecti ...
Comparative Anatomy of the Horse, Ox, and Dog:The Brain and
... Compared with horses, dogs have a smaller uniocular field and greater binocular overlap, presumably because they evolved as a predator species.7 The basic neuroanatomy of the retina is similar in all mammals. Photoreceptors send projections to the inner nuclear layer, which in turn interacts with re ...
... Compared with horses, dogs have a smaller uniocular field and greater binocular overlap, presumably because they evolved as a predator species.7 The basic neuroanatomy of the retina is similar in all mammals. Photoreceptors send projections to the inner nuclear layer, which in turn interacts with re ...
Anatomical origins of the classical receptive field and modulatory
... at a conclusion that three pathways can provide the Vl neuron with accessto information from the visual tieId and affect its response.Fit, direct thalamic input can determine the size of the initial activating RF at high contrast. Second lateral connections can enlarge the RF at low contrast by pool ...
... at a conclusion that three pathways can provide the Vl neuron with accessto information from the visual tieId and affect its response.Fit, direct thalamic input can determine the size of the initial activating RF at high contrast. Second lateral connections can enlarge the RF at low contrast by pool ...
Anatomy of the cerebellum
The anatomy of the cerebellum can be viewed at three levels. At the level of large-scale anatomy, the cerebellum consists of a tightly folded and crumpled layer of cortex, with white matter underneath, several deep nuclei embedded in the white matter, and a fluid-filled ventricle in the middle. At the intermediate level, the cerebellum and its auxiliary structures can be decomposed into several hundred or thousand independently functioning modules or ""microzones"". At the microscopic level, each module consists of the same small set of neuronal elements, laid out with a highly stereotyped geometry.