the functional properties of the light
... what are called associative functions, the neural mechanisms of those associations are still unclear. The second general concept is that the inferior parietal lobule is a higher order processing area of the visual system, for it is known to receive convergent inputs from both the geniculostriate and ...
... what are called associative functions, the neural mechanisms of those associations are still unclear. The second general concept is that the inferior parietal lobule is a higher order processing area of the visual system, for it is known to receive convergent inputs from both the geniculostriate and ...
2 Brain and Classical Neural Networks
... chemical (e.g., acetylcholine) to release their contents from the neuron into the synaptic cleft, the phenomenon of exocytosis. These molecules then diffuse across the cleft to interact with receptor proteins on receiving neurons. On receiving a neurotransmitter molecule, the receptor protein opens ...
... chemical (e.g., acetylcholine) to release their contents from the neuron into the synaptic cleft, the phenomenon of exocytosis. These molecules then diffuse across the cleft to interact with receptor proteins on receiving neurons. On receiving a neurotransmitter molecule, the receptor protein opens ...
Complementary roles of basal ganglia and cerebellum in learning
... distinctions were by no means clear-cut [4]. Furthermore, an ever-increasing number of brain-imaging studies show that the basal ganglia and the cerebellum are involved in non-motor tasks, such as mental imagery [5,6], sensory processing [7–9], planning [10,11•,12], attention [13], and language [14– ...
... distinctions were by no means clear-cut [4]. Furthermore, an ever-increasing number of brain-imaging studies show that the basal ganglia and the cerebellum are involved in non-motor tasks, such as mental imagery [5,6], sensory processing [7–9], planning [10,11•,12], attention [13], and language [14– ...
The hippocampal–striatal axis in learning, prediction and
... Figure 2. Behavioral tasks that depend on the hippocampus (HPC), amygdala and ventral striatum (VS). (a) Aversive cue and context conditioning. In this task, the rat learns that a discrete cue [conditioned stimulus (CS), e.g. tone] and a context in which the training takes place, predict the occurre ...
... Figure 2. Behavioral tasks that depend on the hippocampus (HPC), amygdala and ventral striatum (VS). (a) Aversive cue and context conditioning. In this task, the rat learns that a discrete cue [conditioned stimulus (CS), e.g. tone] and a context in which the training takes place, predict the occurre ...
Mapping Retinotopic Structure in Mouse Visual Cortex with Optical
... functionally (Dräger, 1975; Wagor et al., 1980) distinct areas. Mouse primary visual cortex seems to lack any obvious parcellation into functional domains, such as ocular dominance or orientation columns, which are a prominent feature in the visual cortex of many higher mammals (Hubel and Wiesel, 1 ...
... functionally (Dräger, 1975; Wagor et al., 1980) distinct areas. Mouse primary visual cortex seems to lack any obvious parcellation into functional domains, such as ocular dominance or orientation columns, which are a prominent feature in the visual cortex of many higher mammals (Hubel and Wiesel, 1 ...
Lecture #1 - University of Utah
... stimulus ampl. Is coded by amplitude of receptor potential & Spike (A.P.) rate of the primary sensory neurons. ...
... stimulus ampl. Is coded by amplitude of receptor potential & Spike (A.P.) rate of the primary sensory neurons. ...
Models of Information Processing in the Visual Cortex
... interest. If we ask a biologist to model the visual system, he will probably talk about neurons, dendrites and synapses. On the other hand, if we ask a mathematician to model the visual system, he will probably talk about variables, probabilities and differential equations. There are an almost infini ...
... interest. If we ask a biologist to model the visual system, he will probably talk about neurons, dendrites and synapses. On the other hand, if we ask a mathematician to model the visual system, he will probably talk about variables, probabilities and differential equations. There are an almost infini ...
Physiological Psychology - II Sem
... neurons", and GABAergic cells as "inhibitory neurons". Strictly speaking this is an abuse of terminology—it is the receptors that are excitatory and inhibitory, not the neurons—but it is commonly seen even in scholarly publications. One very important subset of synapses are capable of forming memory ...
... neurons", and GABAergic cells as "inhibitory neurons". Strictly speaking this is an abuse of terminology—it is the receptors that are excitatory and inhibitory, not the neurons—but it is commonly seen even in scholarly publications. One very important subset of synapses are capable of forming memory ...
The neural mechanisms of perceptual filling-in
... of filling-in. Our knowledge is still far from complete, but at least we have sufficient data to draw preliminary conclusions and to think about the next step. Throughout this article, I use the term filling-in to indicate a perceptual event without any assumption about the underlying neural mechani ...
... of filling-in. Our knowledge is still far from complete, but at least we have sufficient data to draw preliminary conclusions and to think about the next step. Throughout this article, I use the term filling-in to indicate a perceptual event without any assumption about the underlying neural mechani ...
Mechanisms for generating and compensating for the
... 1973; Winterson & Collewijn, 1976; Kowler & Steinman, 1980). In addition, it was found that only approximately 30% of microsaccades appear to correct for position errors caused by previous drift (Boyce, 1967). Thus, by around 1980, microsaccades were considered at the very least to be supportive of, ...
... 1973; Winterson & Collewijn, 1976; Kowler & Steinman, 1980). In addition, it was found that only approximately 30% of microsaccades appear to correct for position errors caused by previous drift (Boyce, 1967). Thus, by around 1980, microsaccades were considered at the very least to be supportive of, ...
Engagement of brain areas implicated in processing inner speech in
... people with psychiatric disorders, being most common in schizophrenia, and are often described as ‘voices’. Such hallucinations are usually treated with antipsychotic medication, but in 25–30% of patients they are refractory to traditional antipsychotic drugs. Their pathophysiological basis remains ...
... people with psychiatric disorders, being most common in schizophrenia, and are often described as ‘voices’. Such hallucinations are usually treated with antipsychotic medication, but in 25–30% of patients they are refractory to traditional antipsychotic drugs. Their pathophysiological basis remains ...
PDF
... patterns need to be trained. Without this, simultaneous activation of sets of neurons from two previously learned symbols when presented together can lead to a superposition catastrophe (von der Malsburg, 1999; Rachkovskij and Kussul, 2001) and limit the development of AI. In addition, mechanisms sh ...
... patterns need to be trained. Without this, simultaneous activation of sets of neurons from two previously learned symbols when presented together can lead to a superposition catastrophe (von der Malsburg, 1999; Rachkovskij and Kussul, 2001) and limit the development of AI. In addition, mechanisms sh ...
BDNF-modulated Spatial Organization of Cajal
... which CR cells occupy the superficial half, the inner half being ...
... which CR cells occupy the superficial half, the inner half being ...
Functional architecture in monkey inferotemporal cortex revealed by
... size of imaged area was adjusted by selecting an appropriate combination of lenses with different focal distances, 35 and 50 mm. The CCD camera was focused on a plane 300 mm below the cortical surface. A trial of recording was initiated by first synchronizing a certain phase of respiration by stoppi ...
... size of imaged area was adjusted by selecting an appropriate combination of lenses with different focal distances, 35 and 50 mm. The CCD camera was focused on a plane 300 mm below the cortical surface. A trial of recording was initiated by first synchronizing a certain phase of respiration by stoppi ...
Psychology
... tendency to organize the visual field into objects (figures) that stand apart from the surroundings (ground). ...
... tendency to organize the visual field into objects (figures) that stand apart from the surroundings (ground). ...
Response Suppression in V1 Agrees with Psychophysics of
... these effects likely result from orientation-specific inhibitory interactions (Cannon and Fullenkamp, 1991; Snowden and Hammett, 1998; Xing and Heeger, 2001). The apparent similarity between the physiological and behavioral effects provides circumstantial evidence linking the two. To establish a tig ...
... these effects likely result from orientation-specific inhibitory interactions (Cannon and Fullenkamp, 1991; Snowden and Hammett, 1998; Xing and Heeger, 2001). The apparent similarity between the physiological and behavioral effects provides circumstantial evidence linking the two. To establish a tig ...
An Integrate-and-fire Model of Prefrontal Cortex Neuronal Activity during Performance of Goal-directed
... Jensen et al., 1996; Koene et al., 2003). We propose that the retrieval of goal-directed behavior depends on the spread of activity through strengthened connections from a minicolumn that represents the reward state and from the specific state minicolumn activated by current input. Consistent with th ...
... Jensen et al., 1996; Koene et al., 2003). We propose that the retrieval of goal-directed behavior depends on the spread of activity through strengthened connections from a minicolumn that represents the reward state and from the specific state minicolumn activated by current input. Consistent with th ...
Insular cortex – review
... important from the aspect of social interactions as well. That is because we recognize the same subjective feeling states we once experienced in others. It is a basis in applying empathy towards others and building strong intersocial connections inside a group 5. Social awareness end empathy are jus ...
... important from the aspect of social interactions as well. That is because we recognize the same subjective feeling states we once experienced in others. It is a basis in applying empathy towards others and building strong intersocial connections inside a group 5. Social awareness end empathy are jus ...
Neural Syntax: Cell Assemblies, Synapsembles, and
... constant t.4 A group of upstream neurons, whose spike discharges occur within the window of the membrane time constant of the reader-integrator neuron, and trigger an action potential, can be regarded as a meaningful neuronal assembly from the viewpoint of the reader neuron. Action potentials of oth ...
... constant t.4 A group of upstream neurons, whose spike discharges occur within the window of the membrane time constant of the reader-integrator neuron, and trigger an action potential, can be regarded as a meaningful neuronal assembly from the viewpoint of the reader neuron. Action potentials of oth ...
Prediction in Human Decision Making
... Purpose: this study, we have addressed the prediction aspect of human decision making from neurological, experimental and modeling points of view. Methods: We used a predictive reinforcement learning framework to simulate the human decision making behavior, concentrating on the role of frontal brain ...
... Purpose: this study, we have addressed the prediction aspect of human decision making from neurological, experimental and modeling points of view. Methods: We used a predictive reinforcement learning framework to simulate the human decision making behavior, concentrating on the role of frontal brain ...
(15 pages pdf)
... *Correspondence: [email protected] DOI 10.1016/j.neuron.2009.09.031 2Division ...
... *Correspondence: [email protected] DOI 10.1016/j.neuron.2009.09.031 2Division ...
Supplementary Information - Gatsby Computational Neuroscience Unit
... only by their orientation, θ. Positive regions of the Gabor function correspond to ON subfields; negative regions correspond to OFF subfields. 2. The LGN afferents of each cortical cell were randomly chosen within the subfield boundaries, with ON-subfields yielding connections from ON center LGN cel ...
... only by their orientation, θ. Positive regions of the Gabor function correspond to ON subfields; negative regions correspond to OFF subfields. 2. The LGN afferents of each cortical cell were randomly chosen within the subfield boundaries, with ON-subfields yielding connections from ON center LGN cel ...
reviews - Center for Complex Systems and Brain Sciences
... decomposed through several pre-attentive feature detection mechanisms (sensitive to colour, intensity and so on), which operate in parallel over the entire visual scene. Neurons in the feature maps then encode for spatial contrast in each of those feature channels. In addition, neurons in each featu ...
... decomposed through several pre-attentive feature detection mechanisms (sensitive to colour, intensity and so on), which operate in parallel over the entire visual scene. Neurons in the feature maps then encode for spatial contrast in each of those feature channels. In addition, neurons in each featu ...
Two Types of Neurons in the Primate Globus
... NoGo trials. A trial was aborted and followed by a newly selected trial if monkeys failed to maintain eye position within a specified window. Trials of different types and in different directions were presented in a random order within a block. The saccade target was presented either 12° left or righ ...
... NoGo trials. A trial was aborted and followed by a newly selected trial if monkeys failed to maintain eye position within a specified window. Trials of different types and in different directions were presented in a random order within a block. The saccade target was presented either 12° left or righ ...
Neural correlates of consciousness
The neural correlates of consciousness (NCC) constitute the minimal set of neuronal events and mechanisms sufficient for a specific conscious percept. Neuroscientists use empirical approaches to discover neural correlates of subjective phenomena. The set should be minimal because, under the assumption that the brain is sufficient to give rise to any given conscious experience, the question is which of its components is necessary to produce it.