primary visual cortex and visual awareness
... consciously perceived (BOX 3). Hierarchical models. These models propose that only higher-level extrastriate areas are directly involved in visual awareness — damage to V1 simply disrupts the flow of information to these high-level areas14,15 (FIG. 1). According to hierarchical models, raw visual in ...
... consciously perceived (BOX 3). Hierarchical models. These models propose that only higher-level extrastriate areas are directly involved in visual awareness — damage to V1 simply disrupts the flow of information to these high-level areas14,15 (FIG. 1). According to hierarchical models, raw visual in ...
Learning, Reward and Decision-Making
... stimulus or class of stimuli, they offer the advantages of being cognitively efficient, automatic, and rapidly deployed. However, because they are initiated without consideration of the organism’s goals or subsequent outcomes, stimulus-driven behaviors can suffer from being overly rigid, especially ...
... stimulus or class of stimuli, they offer the advantages of being cognitively efficient, automatic, and rapidly deployed. However, because they are initiated without consideration of the organism’s goals or subsequent outcomes, stimulus-driven behaviors can suffer from being overly rigid, especially ...
Structural changes that occur during normal aging of primate
... seem to acquire more lipofuscin than the excitatory pyramidal neurons. Also, large neurons have more lipofuscin than smaller ones, but this is not a rule, so that among the larger cortical neurons, the Meynert cells of visual cortex [27] come to contain little age pigment, while the Betz cells of mo ...
... seem to acquire more lipofuscin than the excitatory pyramidal neurons. Also, large neurons have more lipofuscin than smaller ones, but this is not a rule, so that among the larger cortical neurons, the Meynert cells of visual cortex [27] come to contain little age pigment, while the Betz cells of mo ...
Media Release
... Enel et al at the INSERM in France investigate one of the most noteworthy properties of primate behavior, its diversity and adaptability. Human and non-human primates can learn an astonishing variety of novel behaviors that could not have been directly anticipated by evolution – we now understand th ...
... Enel et al at the INSERM in France investigate one of the most noteworthy properties of primate behavior, its diversity and adaptability. Human and non-human primates can learn an astonishing variety of novel behaviors that could not have been directly anticipated by evolution – we now understand th ...
... breathing [2]. Intracellular recordings of postinspiratory neurons in anaethetized cats has shown that stimulation of the superior laryngeal and vagus nerves activates postinspiratory neurons in the medullary respiratory centre [2, 3]. This causes prolongation of postinspiration, or even apnoea, dep ...
Neuroanatomy Final Review Notes by Russ Beach
... H. Bilateral Central scotoma: blow to back of head I. Visual agnosias: inability to recognize an object due to lesions in visual association areas ...
... H. Bilateral Central scotoma: blow to back of head I. Visual agnosias: inability to recognize an object due to lesions in visual association areas ...
Rate versus Temporal Coding Models
... and behavior are known to at least some degree. Although the properties of neurons in much of the brain remain mysterious, the function of many neurons has been elucidated in some detail, especially in the primary sensory and motor areas of the brain. Thus far, this knowledge has rested on the fact ...
... and behavior are known to at least some degree. Although the properties of neurons in much of the brain remain mysterious, the function of many neurons has been elucidated in some detail, especially in the primary sensory and motor areas of the brain. Thus far, this knowledge has rested on the fact ...
GLOSSARY of Occupational Therapy Terminology
... Self-regulation: Nervous system’s ability to attain, maintain, and change levels of arousal or alertness. Sensory Diet: A term devised by Patricia Wilbarger in 1971 to describe a therapeutic method to maintain an optimal level of arousal (in the nervous system) by offering the right combination of s ...
... Self-regulation: Nervous system’s ability to attain, maintain, and change levels of arousal or alertness. Sensory Diet: A term devised by Patricia Wilbarger in 1971 to describe a therapeutic method to maintain an optimal level of arousal (in the nervous system) by offering the right combination of s ...
The Seven Types of ADD - Neighbors Helping Neighbors
... used SPECT brain scans (along with other diagnostic techniques) to develop individual, targeted treatment plans for each patient. Early on, I discovered through brain SPECT patterns that attention deficit is not a single or a simple disorder. My ADD Is Not Your ADD ADD, anxiety, depression, bipolar ...
... used SPECT brain scans (along with other diagnostic techniques) to develop individual, targeted treatment plans for each patient. Early on, I discovered through brain SPECT patterns that attention deficit is not a single or a simple disorder. My ADD Is Not Your ADD ADD, anxiety, depression, bipolar ...
31 - UCL
... visual, auditory, somatosensory, motor, and limbic areas--support a new, peculiarly human function. Language as Code-directed Scene Perception. Vision is very important to primates; in fact, over 50% of the cortex in primates, probably including humans, consists of areas devoted to specifically visu ...
... visual, auditory, somatosensory, motor, and limbic areas--support a new, peculiarly human function. Language as Code-directed Scene Perception. Vision is very important to primates; in fact, over 50% of the cortex in primates, probably including humans, consists of areas devoted to specifically visu ...
Kandel chs. 17, 18 - Weizmann Institute of Science
... involved in hitting the ball, but it is involved in recording in memory all of the details of the point so that the player can brag about it later. In fact, many other brain regions are also active during this simple behavior. The common sense notion that only a fraction of the brain is used at any ...
... involved in hitting the ball, but it is involved in recording in memory all of the details of the point so that the player can brag about it later. In fact, many other brain regions are also active during this simple behavior. The common sense notion that only a fraction of the brain is used at any ...
Cross-modal and cross-temporal association in neurons of frontal
... the two associated stimuli in long-term memory (paired crossmodal association). Most units in the sample of 325 showed changes of ®ring frequency in temporal relation to one or more task events or periods, although most of these changes were nonspeci®c for tone or colour. In 94 cells, however, ®ring ...
... the two associated stimuli in long-term memory (paired crossmodal association). Most units in the sample of 325 showed changes of ®ring frequency in temporal relation to one or more task events or periods, although most of these changes were nonspeci®c for tone or colour. In 94 cells, however, ®ring ...
Topographic maps in human frontal and parietal cortex
... surface of topographic PPC areas. This suggests that within a topographically-defined area, there may be functionally heterogeneous subregions that are spatially distinct. An alternative possibility is that the tactile and visual activations represent different portions of space (e.g., central versu ...
... surface of topographic PPC areas. This suggests that within a topographically-defined area, there may be functionally heterogeneous subregions that are spatially distinct. An alternative possibility is that the tactile and visual activations represent different portions of space (e.g., central versu ...
Type 2 - yhernandez
... Ollie. Is his low self-esteem affecting how he interacts with people? Or are his friends influencing how Ollie feels about himself? These questions are a classic example of: a. a self-fulfilling prophecy b. a confound c. a fundamental attribution error d. cognitive dissonance 12. As the price of gas ...
... Ollie. Is his low self-esteem affecting how he interacts with people? Or are his friends influencing how Ollie feels about himself? These questions are a classic example of: a. a self-fulfilling prophecy b. a confound c. a fundamental attribution error d. cognitive dissonance 12. As the price of gas ...
Alcohol and error processing
... (ERN), a negative deflection in the electroencephalogram associated with error commission. Here, we explore possible mechanisms underlying this result in the context of two recent theories about the neural system that produces the ERN – one based on principles of reinforcement learning and the other ...
... (ERN), a negative deflection in the electroencephalogram associated with error commission. Here, we explore possible mechanisms underlying this result in the context of two recent theories about the neural system that produces the ERN – one based on principles of reinforcement learning and the other ...
Nervous System - AP Psychology: 2(A)
... • Reuptake - process by which neurotransmitters are taken back into the synaptic vesicles. (Many anti-depressant drugs work by blocking this process.) • Enzyme - a complex protein that is manufactured by cells. • One type specifically breaks up acetylcholine because muscle activity needs to happen r ...
... • Reuptake - process by which neurotransmitters are taken back into the synaptic vesicles. (Many anti-depressant drugs work by blocking this process.) • Enzyme - a complex protein that is manufactured by cells. • One type specifically breaks up acetylcholine because muscle activity needs to happen r ...
Document
... diffusely as they enter the spinal cord and medulla • Some branches take part in spinal cord reflexes • Others synapse with second-order neurons in the cord and medullary nuclei • Pain fibers synapse with substantia gelatinosa neurons in the dorsal horn ...
... diffusely as they enter the spinal cord and medulla • Some branches take part in spinal cord reflexes • Others synapse with second-order neurons in the cord and medullary nuclei • Pain fibers synapse with substantia gelatinosa neurons in the dorsal horn ...
The amygdala, a part of the brain known for its role in fear, also
... cell activity in patients as they rated the value of various junk foods, researchers were able to locate specific cells in the amygdala whose responses corresponded with value ratings. The graph shows how one neuron’s firing rate (electrode location shown above) peaked after junk foods were presente ...
... cell activity in patients as they rated the value of various junk foods, researchers were able to locate specific cells in the amygdala whose responses corresponded with value ratings. The graph shows how one neuron’s firing rate (electrode location shown above) peaked after junk foods were presente ...
Learning pattern recognition and decision making in the insect brain
... [87, 88, 89]. From the behavioral point of view, increasing the synapses of the local inhibitory neurons makes gases repulsive and to change the number of excitatory synapses makes odorants attractive [90]. This study shows how important the tight equilibrium of the excitatory and inhibitory network ...
... [87, 88, 89]. From the behavioral point of view, increasing the synapses of the local inhibitory neurons makes gases repulsive and to change the number of excitatory synapses makes odorants attractive [90]. This study shows how important the tight equilibrium of the excitatory and inhibitory network ...
Visuomotor neurons: ambiguity of the discharge or `motor` perception?
... First, the Woolsey’s idea that the frontal cortex contains only two somatotopic motor representations is wrong. Fig. 3 schematically show the somatotopic maps present in the frontal lobe. Second, the old concept stating that different functions are segregated in different areas is probably too simpl ...
... First, the Woolsey’s idea that the frontal cortex contains only two somatotopic motor representations is wrong. Fig. 3 schematically show the somatotopic maps present in the frontal lobe. Second, the old concept stating that different functions are segregated in different areas is probably too simpl ...
Age-related Increase in Astrocytes in the Visual Area V2 of the Cat
... Minor adjustments in the fine focus were made when necessary in order to make the images as legible as possible. However, as only the processes distributed laterally on the soma can be identified from a cross section, the process number counted in this study is a rough estimation. But the result sho ...
... Minor adjustments in the fine focus were made when necessary in order to make the images as legible as possible. However, as only the processes distributed laterally on the soma can be identified from a cross section, the process number counted in this study is a rough estimation. But the result sho ...
Coefficient of Variation (CV) vs Mean Interspike Interval (ISI) curves
... experimentally, we will postulate that neuronal firing in cortical cells is of Poisson-type. Apart from the work mentioned above [15,18], other earlier experimental studies have shown that cortical neuron firing is highly irregular; Smith and Smith [17] investigated the spontaneous cortical activity ...
... experimentally, we will postulate that neuronal firing in cortical cells is of Poisson-type. Apart from the work mentioned above [15,18], other earlier experimental studies have shown that cortical neuron firing is highly irregular; Smith and Smith [17] investigated the spontaneous cortical activity ...
Neuron
... These studies have enriched our knowledge of the primate cortical organization, especially in striate and extrastriate visual areas, but our understanding of interspecies correspondences of the neocortical association areas is still fragmentary. In the present study, we used high-field fMRI at 4.7 T ...
... These studies have enriched our knowledge of the primate cortical organization, especially in striate and extrastriate visual areas, but our understanding of interspecies correspondences of the neocortical association areas is still fragmentary. In the present study, we used high-field fMRI at 4.7 T ...
Cortical remodelling induced by activity of ventral tegmental
... region (collectively called non-AI pairs; data not shown). In general, correlation strengths decreased as a regular function of cortical distance for both AI and non-AI pairs. VTA/tone-pairing did not change the correlation±distance function of AI pairs, but resulted in a strong increase in the corr ...
... region (collectively called non-AI pairs; data not shown). In general, correlation strengths decreased as a regular function of cortical distance for both AI and non-AI pairs. VTA/tone-pairing did not change the correlation±distance function of AI pairs, but resulted in a strong increase in the corr ...
Congenital blindness affects diencephalic but not mesencephalic
... architecture of the whole-brain (Frost et al. 2000; Sharma et al. 2000; Von Melchner et al. 2000). In the absence of visual input from birth, the development of subcortical structures mainly involved in non-visual processing can take an alternative trajectory. For example, bilateral enucleation in s ...
... architecture of the whole-brain (Frost et al. 2000; Sharma et al. 2000; Von Melchner et al. 2000). In the absence of visual input from birth, the development of subcortical structures mainly involved in non-visual processing can take an alternative trajectory. For example, bilateral enucleation in s ...
Neural correlates of consciousness
The neural correlates of consciousness (NCC) constitute the minimal set of neuronal events and mechanisms sufficient for a specific conscious percept. Neuroscientists use empirical approaches to discover neural correlates of subjective phenomena. The set should be minimal because, under the assumption that the brain is sufficient to give rise to any given conscious experience, the question is which of its components is necessary to produce it.