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Nitrogen catabolite repressible GAP1 promoter, a new tool for
Nitrogen catabolite repressible GAP1 promoter, a new tool for

... membrane or soluble proteins. We originally designed the system for Gap1, the general amino acid permease of S. cerevisiae [13,14]. Gap1 is a member of the amino acid-polyamine-organocation (APC) superfamily. It can mediate uptake of all protein amino acids, several nonprotein amino acids (e.g., orn ...
Table S1 List of Ert1 targets (P 0.05 with enrichment values >1.8
Table S1 List of Ert1 targets (P 0.05 with enrichment values >1.8

... BAS1 ...
Compartmentalisation of metabolic pathways
Compartmentalisation of metabolic pathways

... Synthesis of new enzyme molecule • Enzyme concentration is much lower than the substrate concentration • The rate of an enzyme-catalyzed reaction is directly dependent upon the enzyme concentration • Induction by substrate or repression by product (on the level of transcription) – xenobiotics → ind ...
Recognition Specificity for the Bacterial Avirulence Protein AvrPto Is
Recognition Specificity for the Bacterial Avirulence Protein AvrPto Is

... report of recognition specificity with the Cf R genes that encode membrane-bound extracytoplasmic proteins indicates that LRRs do play a role in recognition of some fungal pathogens (Thomas et al., 1997). Thus, it is possible that the Prf protein, which also contains LRRs and is required for Pto-med ...
- Digital Commons @ Otterbein
- Digital Commons @ Otterbein

... Selection is driven by challenges inherent to an environment. The heritable genotypes of different individuals of the species change over time through random, heritable changes (alteration of the sequence of nucleotides; mutations) in an organism’s germ line DNA, or germ line RNA in some cases (e.g. ...
Chapter 11 Lecture PowerPoint - McGraw Hill Higher Education
Chapter 11 Lecture PowerPoint - McGraw Hill Higher Education

... Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. ...
Prokaryotic Translation - Department of Microbiology
Prokaryotic Translation - Department of Microbiology

... The tmRNA forms a ribonucleoprotein complex (tmRNP) together with SmpB and EF-Tu. In trans-translation, tmRNA and its associated proteins bind to bacterial ribosomes which have stalled in the middle of protein synthesis, (e.g. at the end of an mRNA that has lost its stop ...
Gene functional trade-offs and the evolution of pleiotropy
Gene functional trade-offs and the evolution of pleiotropy

... ABSTRACT — Pleiotropy is the property of genes affecting multiple functions or characters of an organism. Genes vary widely in their degree of pleiotropy, but this variation is often considered a byproduct of their evolutionary history. We present a functional theory of how pleiotropy may itself evo ...
AP Biology Concept Outline
AP Biology Concept Outline

... the hypothesized primitive atmosphere contained inorganic precursors from which organic molecules could have been synthesized through natural chemical reactions catalyzed by the input of energy. In turn, these molecules served as monomers (building blocks) for the formation of more complex molecules ...
Lecture 33 Carbohydrates1
Lecture 33 Carbohydrates1

... reactive oxygen species and hydroxyl free radicals. When erythrocytes are exposed to chemicals that generate high levels of superoxide radicals, GSH is required to reduce these damaging compounds. An active pentose phosphate pathway in erythrocytes normally provides sufficient levels of NADPH to mai ...
16_Lecture_Presentation
16_Lecture_Presentation

... © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. ...
Biochimica et Biophysica Acta
Biochimica et Biophysica Acta

... bacterial cell surface layers and for the purification of their protein subunit have been described [13,17]. Our attempts to apply these and similar methods for the purification of the additional cell envelope protein of A. salmonicida were unsuccessful. Neither mechanical 'shaving' of intact fresh ...
Off-target Effects: Disturbing the Silence of RNA
Off-target Effects: Disturbing the Silence of RNA

... recently tested this approach by comparing a collection of in silico predicted off-targets with a library of validated off-targets identified by microarray gene expression profiling.14 Using the Smith-Waterman algorithm, the authors demonstrated that with the exception of cases of near-perfect ident ...
Phylogenetic, amino acid content and indel analyses
Phylogenetic, amino acid content and indel analyses

... analysis used (Olsen et al., 1994 ; Ludwig et al., 1994) and which are sometimes in conflict with those defined either by other gene products, e.g. EF-Tu (Ludwig et al., 1994), ATPase β (Ludwig et al., 1994) and RecA (Eisen, 1995), or by whole genome analysis (Tekaia et al., 1999). The classificatio ...
Strong association between mRNA folding strength and protein
Strong association between mRNA folding strength and protein

... Thus, strong mF probably does not improve the translation efficiency of a gene directly. It is plausible that the observed correlation is due to lesserunderstood features of gene expression. One plausibility is related to self-folding versus aggregation of mRNA molecules. If self-intramoleculer fold ...
Glimpses of a few literatures on snRNA
Glimpses of a few literatures on snRNA

... Number of sequenced examples is a snapshot as of 2002 and is influenced by DNA-sequencing strategies and database upkeep; it may provide a rough indication of relative abundance. RNAs in any group vary in size; the size provided here indicates the lower end of the length distribution for the natura ...
Decoding the Flu
Decoding the Flu

... “Great! You found the start for the HA gene coding region. Here are HA genes data the team had collected for the flu strains that they were studying. We only have information on the start of the gene, but it might be enough.” The virus that the team has contracted probably had a mutation that resul ...
Sample pages 2 PDF
Sample pages 2 PDF

... NADH) have thus occurred, and the cells have learned to harness the energy released by each oxidation step in a chemically usable form. A crucial tool of the enzyme G3P dehydrogenase is a critical cysteine residue. Its thiol group establishes a covalent linkage to the aldehyde carbon of G3P. An adja ...
Decoding the Flu - Castle High School
Decoding the Flu - Castle High School

... “Great! You found the start for the HA gene coding region. Here are HA genes data the team had collected for the flu strains that they were studying. We only have information on the start of the gene, but it might be enough.” The virus that the team has contracted probably had a mutation that resul ...
91.510_ch06 - Computer Science
91.510_ch06 - Computer Science

... phenomena (such as multiple alignments of families of protein sequences) Further interpretations, such as the biological significance of an MSP score, are not formally covered by the theory (and are often made with a rosy view of the situation) Even if (biological) sequences are not random according ...
The stability and nuclear localization of the transcription factor RAP2
The stability and nuclear localization of the transcription factor RAP2

... with a subsequent reduction in ATP availability. Concomitantly, the metabolism of storage products such as starch, proteins and lipids is reduced (Geigenberger 2003). Moreover, energy-saving pathways are favoured over those that are more expensive in terms of ATP (Bologa et al. 2003). When oxygen be ...
Decoding the Flu - National Center for Case Study Teaching in
Decoding the Flu - National Center for Case Study Teaching in

... “Great! You found the start for the HA gene coding region. Here are HA genes data the team had collected for the flu strains that they were studying. We only have information on the start of the gene, but it might be enough.” The virus that the team has contracted probably had a mutation that resul ...
Engineering a mevalonate pathway in Escherichia coli for
Engineering a mevalonate pathway in Escherichia coli for

... trials for the treatment of various refractory and relapsed cancers12,13. In general, these drugs are extracted from the host plant, in which they accumulate in very small amounts, before further derivatization or use. To eliminate the need for plant extraction, we sought to produce terpenoid compou ...
File
File

... © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. ...
Characterizing the Grape Transcriptome
Characterizing the Grape Transcriptome

... Ontology categories. A simple structured vocabulary, with modules for plant genotype, plant development, and stress, was developed to describe the relationship between individual expressed sequence tags and cDNA libraries; the resulting vocabulary provides query terms to facilitate data mining withi ...
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Gene regulatory network



A gene regulatory network or genetic regulatory network (GRN) is a collection of regulators thatinteract with each other and with other substances in the cell to govern the gene expression levels of mRNA and proteins.The regulator can be DNA, RNA, protein and their complex. The interaction can be direct or indirect (through their transcribed RNA or translated protein).In general, each mRNA molecule goes on to make a specific protein (or set of proteins). In some cases this protein will be structural, and will accumulate at the cell membrane or within the cell to give it particular structural properties. In other cases the protein will be an enzyme, i.e., a micro-machine that catalyses a certain reaction, such as the breakdown of a food source or toxin. Some proteins though serve only to activate other genes, and these are the transcription factors that are the main players in regulatory networks or cascades. By binding to the promoter region at the start of other genes they turn them on, initiating the production of another protein, and so on. Some transcription factors are inhibitory.In single-celled organisms, regulatory networks respond to the external environment, optimising the cell at a given time for survival in this environment. Thus a yeast cell, finding itself in a sugar solution, will turn on genes to make enzymes that process the sugar to alcohol. This process, which we associate with wine-making, is how the yeast cell makes its living, gaining energy to multiply, which under normal circumstances would enhance its survival prospects.In multicellular animals the same principle has been put in the service of gene cascades that control body-shape. Each time a cell divides, two cells result which, although they contain the same genome in full, can differ in which genes are turned on and making proteins. Sometimes a 'self-sustaining feedback loop' ensures that a cell maintains its identity and passes it on. Less understood is the mechanism of epigenetics by which chromatin modification may provide cellular memory by blocking or allowing transcription. A major feature of multicellular animals is the use of morphogen gradients, which in effect provide a positioning system that tells a cell where in the body it is, and hence what sort of cell to become. A gene that is turned on in one cell may make a product that leaves the cell and diffuses through adjacent cells, entering them and turning on genes only when it is present above a certain threshold level. These cells are thus induced into a new fate, and may even generate other morphogens that signal back to the original cell. Over longer distances morphogens may use the active process of signal transduction. Such signalling controls embryogenesis, the building of a body plan from scratch through a series of sequential steps. They also control and maintain adult bodies through feedback processes, and the loss of such feedback because of a mutation can be responsible for the cell proliferation that is seen in cancer. In parallel with this process of building structure, the gene cascade turns on genes that make structural proteins that give each cell the physical properties it needs.It has been suggested that, because biological molecular interactions are intrinsically stochastic, gene networks are the result of cellular processes and not their cause (i.e. cellular Darwinism). However, recent experimental evidence has favored the attractor view of cell fates.
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