Engineering a mevalonate pathway in Escherichia coli for
... trials for the treatment of various refractory and relapsed cancers12,13. In general, these drugs are extracted from the host plant, in which they accumulate in very small amounts, before further derivatization or use. To eliminate the need for plant extraction, we sought to produce terpenoid compou ...
... trials for the treatment of various refractory and relapsed cancers12,13. In general, these drugs are extracted from the host plant, in which they accumulate in very small amounts, before further derivatization or use. To eliminate the need for plant extraction, we sought to produce terpenoid compou ...
Heat Shock Proteins and Neurodegenerative Disorders
... stimulate expression of proteins with molecular masses of 26 and 70 kDa[2]. These proteins were termed “heat shock proteins”, as their expression was up-regulated in response to cellular insults, such as raised temperature, oxidative stress, chemicals, and irradiation[3]. Indeed, intracellular conce ...
... stimulate expression of proteins with molecular masses of 26 and 70 kDa[2]. These proteins were termed “heat shock proteins”, as their expression was up-regulated in response to cellular insults, such as raised temperature, oxidative stress, chemicals, and irradiation[3]. Indeed, intracellular conce ...
Changes in gene expression associated with acclimation to constant
... temperatures and daily temperature cycling. Genes temperature on daily and seasonal bases. The roles played important for the maintenance of membrane integrity are by alterations in gene expression in enabling eurytherms highly responsive to temperature change. Changes in to adjust to these two temp ...
... temperatures and daily temperature cycling. Genes temperature on daily and seasonal bases. The roles played important for the maintenance of membrane integrity are by alterations in gene expression in enabling eurytherms highly responsive to temperature change. Changes in to adjust to these two temp ...
NDC1 : A Nuclear Periphery Component Required for Yeast Spindle Pole Body Duplication.
... of SPB duplication, possibly mediating formation of the satellite. CDC31, at least, is not required for the transition from the satellite-beating SPB stage to the duplicated side-by-side SPBs stage (Winey et al., 1991). Two recently identified mutants, mpsl and mps2 (monopolar spindle), identify gen ...
... of SPB duplication, possibly mediating formation of the satellite. CDC31, at least, is not required for the transition from the satellite-beating SPB stage to the duplicated side-by-side SPBs stage (Winey et al., 1991). Two recently identified mutants, mpsl and mps2 (monopolar spindle), identify gen ...
Type="Italic">AtGRP7 is involved in the
... this study, we showed that AtGRP7 plays a role in the regulation of ABA and stress responses. First, we found that the expression level of AtGRP7 was strongly repressed by ABA, NaCl and mannitol treatments. Second, we showed that the atgrp7-1 mutant is more sensitive to ABA, NaCl and mannitol compar ...
... this study, we showed that AtGRP7 plays a role in the regulation of ABA and stress responses. First, we found that the expression level of AtGRP7 was strongly repressed by ABA, NaCl and mannitol treatments. Second, we showed that the atgrp7-1 mutant is more sensitive to ABA, NaCl and mannitol compar ...
Lipid profiling and transcriptomic analysis reveals a functional
... body mass and fatty liver), a phenotype that is ameliorated by GH replacement therapy [21]. Notably, oral administration of pharmacological doses of E2 in humans inhibits GH-regulated endocrine (e.g., IGF-I) and metabolic (e.g., lipid oxidation, protein synthesis) effects [22,23] but these effects a ...
... body mass and fatty liver), a phenotype that is ameliorated by GH replacement therapy [21]. Notably, oral administration of pharmacological doses of E2 in humans inhibits GH-regulated endocrine (e.g., IGF-I) and metabolic (e.g., lipid oxidation, protein synthesis) effects [22,23] but these effects a ...
GRA Proteins of Toxoplasma gondii: Maintenance of Host
... GRA3 is actually an artificial chimera of 2 proteins of molecular weight 65 kDa, shares the C-terminus with published GRA3 and possesses no significant sequence similarity with any protein thus far deposited in Genbank [34]. The corrected GRA3 has an N-terminal secretory signal sequence and a transm ...
... GRA3 is actually an artificial chimera of 2 proteins of molecular weight 65 kDa, shares the C-terminus with published GRA3 and possesses no significant sequence similarity with any protein thus far deposited in Genbank [34]. The corrected GRA3 has an N-terminal secretory signal sequence and a transm ...
2 C
... mechanisms to maintain their internal environments. 57) How would a bacterium respond to changes in the components of the lac and trp operons? ...
... mechanisms to maintain their internal environments. 57) How would a bacterium respond to changes in the components of the lac and trp operons? ...
Integrative study of Arabidopsis thaliana metabolomic and
... applied as Metabolite Set Enrichment Analysis (Xia & Wishart, 2010) or Network-based Gene Set Enrichment Analysis (Glaab et al., 2012). Nevertheless, these approaches require a predefined grouping of the biological entities, e.g., into pathways, which always restricts the analysis to the known group ...
... applied as Metabolite Set Enrichment Analysis (Xia & Wishart, 2010) or Network-based Gene Set Enrichment Analysis (Glaab et al., 2012). Nevertheless, these approaches require a predefined grouping of the biological entities, e.g., into pathways, which always restricts the analysis to the known group ...
computer simulation of a living cell: part i
... mappings are often used from the real world onto the models used for computer simulations. One must be aware of the approximate nature of these homomorphisms, and consequent limitations on the predictive ability of the simulation. An example of a domain for such a mapping would be the 22 pools of ch ...
... mappings are often used from the real world onto the models used for computer simulations. One must be aware of the approximate nature of these homomorphisms, and consequent limitations on the predictive ability of the simulation. An example of a domain for such a mapping would be the 22 pools of ch ...
Analysis of TETRAKETIDE a-PYRONE
... At1g25460, a close homolog (Figure 10) that displayed a strikingly different expression pattern and is expressed mainly in young seedlings (see Supplemental Figure 2 online). Relative protein levels were also investigated by immunoblotting protein extracts with specific polyclonal antibodies raised ...
... At1g25460, a close homolog (Figure 10) that displayed a strikingly different expression pattern and is expressed mainly in young seedlings (see Supplemental Figure 2 online). Relative protein levels were also investigated by immunoblotting protein extracts with specific polyclonal antibodies raised ...
Supplementary Information 410 475
... Genetics Computer Group. (B) Percentages of similarity and percentages of identity (parentheses) between the various TSG sequences were obtained by alignment using the GAP program (Genetics Computer Group). The Drosophila melanogaster genome contains a gene product (CG12410) highly similar in sequen ...
... Genetics Computer Group. (B) Percentages of similarity and percentages of identity (parentheses) between the various TSG sequences were obtained by alignment using the GAP program (Genetics Computer Group). The Drosophila melanogaster genome contains a gene product (CG12410) highly similar in sequen ...
Slideshow presentation (Microsoft PowerPoint) (PPT
... silencing immune suppressive genes, which can be used for anti-cancer therapy, vaccine development. 3. Down-regulating immune responses through silencing immune responsive genes possesses therapeutic potential in treatments of autoimmune and allergic diseases as well as graft rejection in ...
... silencing immune suppressive genes, which can be used for anti-cancer therapy, vaccine development. 3. Down-regulating immune responses through silencing immune responsive genes possesses therapeutic potential in treatments of autoimmune and allergic diseases as well as graft rejection in ...
BL21(DE3) Competent cells E. coli Chemically-competent
... applications assigned to Brookhaven Science Associate (BSA) in the United States of America (see assurance letter below). BL21(DE3) bacteria are compatible with the StabyTMSwitch auto-inducible medium (without IPTG). Please note that BL21(DE3) strain is a conventional host for protein production but ...
... applications assigned to Brookhaven Science Associate (BSA) in the United States of America (see assurance letter below). BL21(DE3) bacteria are compatible with the StabyTMSwitch auto-inducible medium (without IPTG). Please note that BL21(DE3) strain is a conventional host for protein production but ...
RNA and Protein Synthesis
... POP QUIZ- RNA Editing Is the following sentence true or false? ► RNA editing occurs in the cytoplasm of the cell. ...
... POP QUIZ- RNA Editing Is the following sentence true or false? ► RNA editing occurs in the cytoplasm of the cell. ...
Subcellular Localization of Catalase Encoded by the ctt1+ Gene in
... fraction whereas the slower-migrating one was detected in the whole organelle fraction. Furthermore, the fastermigrating band was not detected at all in the Ficoll-fractionated peroxisomal fraction. Therefore, the faster-migrating band in the whole organellar fraction is thought to be derived from t ...
... fraction whereas the slower-migrating one was detected in the whole organelle fraction. Furthermore, the fastermigrating band was not detected at all in the Ficoll-fractionated peroxisomal fraction. Therefore, the faster-migrating band in the whole organellar fraction is thought to be derived from t ...
06 Auxin - goldsword.com
... Hormones (animal context) Naturally occurring molecules with profound influence on physiology Synthesized in discrete organs or tissues Transported from the site of synthesis to the site of action Control physiological processes in a concentration-dependent manner ...
... Hormones (animal context) Naturally occurring molecules with profound influence on physiology Synthesized in discrete organs or tissues Transported from the site of synthesis to the site of action Control physiological processes in a concentration-dependent manner ...
Chpt3_Isolating_analyzing_genes.doc
... ISOLATING AND ANALYZING GENES Recombinant DNA, Polymerase Chain Reaction and Applications to Eukaryotic Gene Structure and Function The first two chapters covered many important aspects of genes, such as how they function in inheritance, how they code for protein (in general terms) and their chemica ...
... ISOLATING AND ANALYZING GENES Recombinant DNA, Polymerase Chain Reaction and Applications to Eukaryotic Gene Structure and Function The first two chapters covered many important aspects of genes, such as how they function in inheritance, how they code for protein (in general terms) and their chemica ...
Analysis of a Controlling-Element Mutation at the Adh Locus of Maize
... clearly a Ds-suppressedgene. In addition to causing a reduction in the amount of enzyme produced, the presence of the Ds element also results in the formation of an altered polypeptide, since the Fm335 enzyme has reduced thermostability. Extracts were prepared from Adh-Fm335/Fm33S7 the progenitor A ...
... clearly a Ds-suppressedgene. In addition to causing a reduction in the amount of enzyme produced, the presence of the Ds element also results in the formation of an altered polypeptide, since the Fm335 enzyme has reduced thermostability. Extracts were prepared from Adh-Fm335/Fm33S7 the progenitor A ...
Title: Characterization and Comparison of E8
... Tomatoes incur poor growth and fruit-set under hot-dry or hot-wet season in tropics and subtropics, which is a major bottleneck impeding summer production in Taiwan. Recent studies concluded that impairment of pollen and anther development by elevated temperature contributes to decreased fruit set i ...
... Tomatoes incur poor growth and fruit-set under hot-dry or hot-wet season in tropics and subtropics, which is a major bottleneck impeding summer production in Taiwan. Recent studies concluded that impairment of pollen and anther development by elevated temperature contributes to decreased fruit set i ...
The Genome of Methanosarcina mazei
... 376 ORFs were classified as being unique to Methanosarcina species. Most of them are hypothetical proteins. Among these ORFs may also be those unknown ones for the synthesis of methanophenazine because this cofactor (Abken et al., 1998) is apparently only present in methanogenic organisms utilizing ...
... 376 ORFs were classified as being unique to Methanosarcina species. Most of them are hypothetical proteins. Among these ORFs may also be those unknown ones for the synthesis of methanophenazine because this cofactor (Abken et al., 1998) is apparently only present in methanogenic organisms utilizing ...
Glucose and forskolin regulate IAPP gene expression through
... mellitus (23). These observations indicate that the IAPP gene is regulated independently under certain conditions and that aberrant expression of the IAPP gene may contribute to the pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes mellitus. Elucidation of the mechanisms controlling IAPP gene expression in pancreatic ...
... mellitus (23). These observations indicate that the IAPP gene is regulated independently under certain conditions and that aberrant expression of the IAPP gene may contribute to the pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes mellitus. Elucidation of the mechanisms controlling IAPP gene expression in pancreatic ...
Gene regulatory network
A gene regulatory network or genetic regulatory network (GRN) is a collection of regulators thatinteract with each other and with other substances in the cell to govern the gene expression levels of mRNA and proteins.The regulator can be DNA, RNA, protein and their complex. The interaction can be direct or indirect (through their transcribed RNA or translated protein).In general, each mRNA molecule goes on to make a specific protein (or set of proteins). In some cases this protein will be structural, and will accumulate at the cell membrane or within the cell to give it particular structural properties. In other cases the protein will be an enzyme, i.e., a micro-machine that catalyses a certain reaction, such as the breakdown of a food source or toxin. Some proteins though serve only to activate other genes, and these are the transcription factors that are the main players in regulatory networks or cascades. By binding to the promoter region at the start of other genes they turn them on, initiating the production of another protein, and so on. Some transcription factors are inhibitory.In single-celled organisms, regulatory networks respond to the external environment, optimising the cell at a given time for survival in this environment. Thus a yeast cell, finding itself in a sugar solution, will turn on genes to make enzymes that process the sugar to alcohol. This process, which we associate with wine-making, is how the yeast cell makes its living, gaining energy to multiply, which under normal circumstances would enhance its survival prospects.In multicellular animals the same principle has been put in the service of gene cascades that control body-shape. Each time a cell divides, two cells result which, although they contain the same genome in full, can differ in which genes are turned on and making proteins. Sometimes a 'self-sustaining feedback loop' ensures that a cell maintains its identity and passes it on. Less understood is the mechanism of epigenetics by which chromatin modification may provide cellular memory by blocking or allowing transcription. A major feature of multicellular animals is the use of morphogen gradients, which in effect provide a positioning system that tells a cell where in the body it is, and hence what sort of cell to become. A gene that is turned on in one cell may make a product that leaves the cell and diffuses through adjacent cells, entering them and turning on genes only when it is present above a certain threshold level. These cells are thus induced into a new fate, and may even generate other morphogens that signal back to the original cell. Over longer distances morphogens may use the active process of signal transduction. Such signalling controls embryogenesis, the building of a body plan from scratch through a series of sequential steps. They also control and maintain adult bodies through feedback processes, and the loss of such feedback because of a mutation can be responsible for the cell proliferation that is seen in cancer. In parallel with this process of building structure, the gene cascade turns on genes that make structural proteins that give each cell the physical properties it needs.It has been suggested that, because biological molecular interactions are intrinsically stochastic, gene networks are the result of cellular processes and not their cause (i.e. cellular Darwinism). However, recent experimental evidence has favored the attractor view of cell fates.