HOXs and lincRNAs: Two sides of the same coin
... the regulation of axial patterning during elaboration of the basic body plan in the evolution of animals (2, 4–7). The series of genome duplications associated with vertebrate evolution have generated multiple Hox complexes and sets of paralogous genes within a species. This creates a situation wher ...
... the regulation of axial patterning during elaboration of the basic body plan in the evolution of animals (2, 4–7). The series of genome duplications associated with vertebrate evolution have generated multiple Hox complexes and sets of paralogous genes within a species. This creates a situation wher ...
Name: Period: _____ Date
... Passive does not take energy from the cell and goes with a concentration gradient (from high to low concentration). Diffusion, osmosis and facilitated diffusion are all examples. ...
... Passive does not take energy from the cell and goes with a concentration gradient (from high to low concentration). Diffusion, osmosis and facilitated diffusion are all examples. ...
Name: Period: _____ Date
... Passive does not take energy from the cell and goes with a concentration gradient (from high to low concentration). Diffusion, osmosis and facilitated diffusion are all examples. ...
... Passive does not take energy from the cell and goes with a concentration gradient (from high to low concentration). Diffusion, osmosis and facilitated diffusion are all examples. ...
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[q-bio.BM] 1 Mar 2005 Symmetry and Dynamics
... gene expression is a complex transcriptional process where mRNA molecules are translated into proteins, which control most of the cell functions. Recently, gene expression profiles for different types of cells of several organisms have been measured, and some experiments have also provided data abou ...
... gene expression is a complex transcriptional process where mRNA molecules are translated into proteins, which control most of the cell functions. Recently, gene expression profiles for different types of cells of several organisms have been measured, and some experiments have also provided data abou ...
PDF
... pioneer axon. Finally, by examining AVM regeneration in worms that lack various axonal guidance molecules, the researchers show that neural wiring during development and rewiring during regeneration have different molecular requirements. Thus, they suggest, C. elegans could be used in genetic screen ...
... pioneer axon. Finally, by examining AVM regeneration in worms that lack various axonal guidance molecules, the researchers show that neural wiring during development and rewiring during regeneration have different molecular requirements. Thus, they suggest, C. elegans could be used in genetic screen ...
PDF
... pioneer axon. Finally, by examining AVM regeneration in worms that lack various axonal guidance molecules, the researchers show that neural wiring during development and rewiring during regeneration have different molecular requirements. Thus, they suggest, C. elegans could be used in genetic screen ...
... pioneer axon. Finally, by examining AVM regeneration in worms that lack various axonal guidance molecules, the researchers show that neural wiring during development and rewiring during regeneration have different molecular requirements. Thus, they suggest, C. elegans could be used in genetic screen ...
PowerPoint 簡報
... cardiovascular malformations, thymic aplasia, psychological impairments, absent or defective ears, small jaw, kidney alterations. Fifty percent of affected children have an IQ below ...
... cardiovascular malformations, thymic aplasia, psychological impairments, absent or defective ears, small jaw, kidney alterations. Fifty percent of affected children have an IQ below ...
pdf
... which encodes the integrase enzyme. However, large amounts of the Int protein are not produced lytic infection, because these transcripts continue past the ρ-dependent terminator tint. This allows the formation of a secondary structure in the RNA that serves as a signal for RNases to degrade the tra ...
... which encodes the integrase enzyme. However, large amounts of the Int protein are not produced lytic infection, because these transcripts continue past the ρ-dependent terminator tint. This allows the formation of a secondary structure in the RNA that serves as a signal for RNases to degrade the tra ...
Chapter 15
... to provide additional information about the genetic code. Short sequences of mRNA would bind to a ribosome. The codon on the short mRNA would then base pair with the matching anticodon on a tRNA that carried the aa specified by the codon. ...
... to provide additional information about the genetic code. Short sequences of mRNA would bind to a ribosome. The codon on the short mRNA would then base pair with the matching anticodon on a tRNA that carried the aa specified by the codon. ...
Chapter 17 Notes
... The evolutionary significance of the near universality of the genetic code is clear: A language shared by all living things arose very early in the history of life—early enough to be present in the common ancestors of all modern organisms. ...
... The evolutionary significance of the near universality of the genetic code is clear: A language shared by all living things arose very early in the history of life—early enough to be present in the common ancestors of all modern organisms. ...
CHAPTER 17 FROM GENE TO PROTEIN
... The evolutionary significance of the near universality of the genetic code is clear: A language shared by all living things arose very early in the history of life—early enough to be present in the common ancestors of all modern organisms. ...
... The evolutionary significance of the near universality of the genetic code is clear: A language shared by all living things arose very early in the history of life—early enough to be present in the common ancestors of all modern organisms. ...
Nucleotide sequences of immunoglobulin heavy and light chain V
... complexes (1). The epitope recognized by this murine autoantibody is distinct from Sm or RNP epitopes (1—3). F78 is a unique tool for characterization of snRNPs because of the distinct nature of the snRNP complex it recognizes. Immunoprecipitation studies have revealed that this antibody recognizes ...
... complexes (1). The epitope recognized by this murine autoantibody is distinct from Sm or RNP epitopes (1—3). F78 is a unique tool for characterization of snRNPs because of the distinct nature of the snRNP complex it recognizes. Immunoprecipitation studies have revealed that this antibody recognizes ...
Mutations in the NOT Genes or in the Translation
... Cells use highly coordinated cascades of regulatory mechanisms to precisely define the production of specific gene products, which in turn determine development and differentiation, allow the cell to respond to the stressful environment or to adapt to new food sources. Sophisticated programs of gene ...
... Cells use highly coordinated cascades of regulatory mechanisms to precisely define the production of specific gene products, which in turn determine development and differentiation, allow the cell to respond to the stressful environment or to adapt to new food sources. Sophisticated programs of gene ...
A bioinformatika elméleti alapjai 4
... Often, measuring instruments can only collect data on small pieces (next generation sequencing reads, peptide spectra in proteomics) Computational analysis of small fragments is accurate. ...
... Often, measuring instruments can only collect data on small pieces (next generation sequencing reads, peptide spectra in proteomics) Computational analysis of small fragments is accurate. ...
Gene Section S100A2 (S100 calcium binding protein A2)
... kD), calcium-binding proteins that initiate a number of cellular processes such as cell division, motility, secretion, protein synthesis, and membrane permeability through both calcium dependent and independent mechanism. Greater than twenty five different S100 proteins have so far been identified w ...
... kD), calcium-binding proteins that initiate a number of cellular processes such as cell division, motility, secretion, protein synthesis, and membrane permeability through both calcium dependent and independent mechanism. Greater than twenty five different S100 proteins have so far been identified w ...
Ontogenomic study of the relationship between number of gene
... et al., 2002). Splice isoforms can have different degrees of activity (Zhang et al., 2006) or can perform radically different functions (Fernandez-Real et al., 2006). Splice variation plays important roles in cancer and in evolution (Kriventseva et al., 2003). Although several genomic studies have a ...
... et al., 2002). Splice isoforms can have different degrees of activity (Zhang et al., 2006) or can perform radically different functions (Fernandez-Real et al., 2006). Splice variation plays important roles in cancer and in evolution (Kriventseva et al., 2003). Although several genomic studies have a ...
Foundations of modern biology
... environment cannot be coded into its genes and cannot be inherited by its offspring (see Lamarckism). Remarkably, widely different organisms, including bacteria, plants, animals, and fungi, all share the same basic machinery that copies and transcribes DNA into proteins. For example, bacteria with i ...
... environment cannot be coded into its genes and cannot be inherited by its offspring (see Lamarckism). Remarkably, widely different organisms, including bacteria, plants, animals, and fungi, all share the same basic machinery that copies and transcribes DNA into proteins. For example, bacteria with i ...
miRNA - apctp
... ts in about 30% of colonies displaying a white phenotype, which is identical to the one of al-1 mutants. • This phenomenon was termed quelling. ...
... ts in about 30% of colonies displaying a white phenotype, which is identical to the one of al-1 mutants. • This phenomenon was termed quelling. ...
Using Fruit Flies to Investigate a Cancer Metastasis
... Phosphatase of Regenerating Liver 3 (PRL-3), a human protein in the Protein Tyrosine Phosphatase (PTP) gene family, has been highly correlated with cancer’s ability to metastasis in numerous types of cancer. Until recently, this was thought to be the primary function of PRL-3 within mammalian cancer ...
... Phosphatase of Regenerating Liver 3 (PRL-3), a human protein in the Protein Tyrosine Phosphatase (PTP) gene family, has been highly correlated with cancer’s ability to metastasis in numerous types of cancer. Until recently, this was thought to be the primary function of PRL-3 within mammalian cancer ...
Commentary: A conceptual revolution limited by
... What we could not discuss in 1995 was information transmission through small non-coding RNAs. This was not recognized until the late 1990s, when the discovery of gene regulation through RNA interference and the realization that it provided a powerful research tool gave epigenetics research an enormo ...
... What we could not discuss in 1995 was information transmission through small non-coding RNAs. This was not recognized until the late 1990s, when the discovery of gene regulation through RNA interference and the realization that it provided a powerful research tool gave epigenetics research an enormo ...
REVERSE GENETICS: USING RNAi TO MAKE PROTEIN KNOCK
... Using reverse genetics, one first identifies a gene of interest, and then determines what defect, if any, results when the corresponding protein is missing. This approach may be used to investigate whether a particular protein performs the same functions in one organism as a homologous protein (one ...
... Using reverse genetics, one first identifies a gene of interest, and then determines what defect, if any, results when the corresponding protein is missing. This approach may be used to investigate whether a particular protein performs the same functions in one organism as a homologous protein (one ...
Functional second genes generated by retrotransposition of the X
... X-linked genes during evolution. Although each mammalian RP is typically encoded by a single gene, this functional gene also generates a large number of retroposons. However, the majority of these retroposons would not be expected to survive during evolution because, without promoters, they are inac ...
... X-linked genes during evolution. Although each mammalian RP is typically encoded by a single gene, this functional gene also generates a large number of retroposons. However, the majority of these retroposons would not be expected to survive during evolution because, without promoters, they are inac ...
From Gene to Protein
... While the mechanisms of translocation vary, each of these polypeptides has a “postal” code that ensures its delivery to the correct cellular location. ...
... While the mechanisms of translocation vary, each of these polypeptides has a “postal” code that ensures its delivery to the correct cellular location. ...
... Abstract. Microalgae systems have opened up new platforms for molecular farming in closed conditions. Recently, Dunaliella salina has been considered to be a suitable expression host for the production of recombinant proteins due to its significant advantages. It is a unicellular eukaryotic organism ...
Gene regulatory network
A gene regulatory network or genetic regulatory network (GRN) is a collection of regulators thatinteract with each other and with other substances in the cell to govern the gene expression levels of mRNA and proteins.The regulator can be DNA, RNA, protein and their complex. The interaction can be direct or indirect (through their transcribed RNA or translated protein).In general, each mRNA molecule goes on to make a specific protein (or set of proteins). In some cases this protein will be structural, and will accumulate at the cell membrane or within the cell to give it particular structural properties. In other cases the protein will be an enzyme, i.e., a micro-machine that catalyses a certain reaction, such as the breakdown of a food source or toxin. Some proteins though serve only to activate other genes, and these are the transcription factors that are the main players in regulatory networks or cascades. By binding to the promoter region at the start of other genes they turn them on, initiating the production of another protein, and so on. Some transcription factors are inhibitory.In single-celled organisms, regulatory networks respond to the external environment, optimising the cell at a given time for survival in this environment. Thus a yeast cell, finding itself in a sugar solution, will turn on genes to make enzymes that process the sugar to alcohol. This process, which we associate with wine-making, is how the yeast cell makes its living, gaining energy to multiply, which under normal circumstances would enhance its survival prospects.In multicellular animals the same principle has been put in the service of gene cascades that control body-shape. Each time a cell divides, two cells result which, although they contain the same genome in full, can differ in which genes are turned on and making proteins. Sometimes a 'self-sustaining feedback loop' ensures that a cell maintains its identity and passes it on. Less understood is the mechanism of epigenetics by which chromatin modification may provide cellular memory by blocking or allowing transcription. A major feature of multicellular animals is the use of morphogen gradients, which in effect provide a positioning system that tells a cell where in the body it is, and hence what sort of cell to become. A gene that is turned on in one cell may make a product that leaves the cell and diffuses through adjacent cells, entering them and turning on genes only when it is present above a certain threshold level. These cells are thus induced into a new fate, and may even generate other morphogens that signal back to the original cell. Over longer distances morphogens may use the active process of signal transduction. Such signalling controls embryogenesis, the building of a body plan from scratch through a series of sequential steps. They also control and maintain adult bodies through feedback processes, and the loss of such feedback because of a mutation can be responsible for the cell proliferation that is seen in cancer. In parallel with this process of building structure, the gene cascade turns on genes that make structural proteins that give each cell the physical properties it needs.It has been suggested that, because biological molecular interactions are intrinsically stochastic, gene networks are the result of cellular processes and not their cause (i.e. cellular Darwinism). However, recent experimental evidence has favored the attractor view of cell fates.