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Auto-titrating pH Meter
Auto-titrating pH Meter

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... Table 1 indicates a large difference between the minimum output level and the minimum input level (2 V vs. 0.2 V for AES3 for instance). The difference is accounted for by two factors: 1) Half the signal is loss due to the impedance matching required for high-speed transmission lines (output impedan ...
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... The edge of the ramp of the PWL pulse is proportional to the time for the bit transition. The entire transition of the pulse is related to the rise/fall time of the wave. Introduction ...
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Zener diodes as voltage regulators

... diode will stop a reverse current from flowing through it until the reverse voltage applied across it reaches a fixed value known as the breakdown voltage (VZ). They are designed to ‘breakdown’ in a reliable and non-destructive way so that they can be used in reverse to maintain a fixed voltage acro ...
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Power System Operation and Control (EE

J. Santiago-Gonzalez, K.M. Elbaggari, K.K. Afridi and D.J. Perreault, “Design of Class E Resonant Rectifiers and Diode Evaluation for VHF Power Conversion,” IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics, Vol.30, No. 9, pp. 4960-4972, 2015.
J. Santiago-Gonzalez, K.M. Elbaggari, K.K. Afridi and D.J. Perreault, “Design of Class E Resonant Rectifiers and Diode Evaluation for VHF Power Conversion,” IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics, Vol.30, No. 9, pp. 4960-4972, 2015.

Lightning on transmission line of the harm and prevention measures
Lightning on transmission line of the harm and prevention measures

... multiple substation of 220 kV and below power outages, the direct causes of the entire region's power outage, even can produce power grid collapse accidents due to other reasons, extend the influence of the lightning disturbance, causing a greater loss. Now, therefore, the design of the ultrahigh pr ...
Chapter 1 : Introduction to Electronic Communications
Chapter 1 : Introduction to Electronic Communications

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Standing wave ratio



In radio engineering and telecommunications, standing wave ratio (SWR) is a measure of impedance matching of loads to the characteristic impedance of a transmission line or waveguide. Impedance mismatches result in standing waves along the transmission line, and SWR is defined as the ratio of the partial standing wave's amplitude at an antinode (maximum) to the amplitude at a node (minimum) along the line.The SWR is usually thought of in terms of the maximum and minimum AC voltages along the transmission line, thus called the voltage standing wave ratio or VSWR (sometimes pronounced ""viswar""). For example, the VSWR value 1.2:1 denotes an AC voltage due to standing waves along the transmission line reaching a peak value 1.2 times that of the minimum AC voltage along that line. The SWR can as well be defined as the ratio of the maximum amplitude to minimum amplitude of the transmission line's currents, electric field strength, or the magnetic field strength. Neglecting transmission line loss, these ratios are identical.The power standing wave ratio (PSWR) is defined as the square of the VSWR, however this terminology has no physical relation to actual powers involved in transmission.The SWR can be measured with an instrument called an SWR meter. Since SWR is defined relative to the transmission line's characteristic impedance, the SWR meter must be constructed for that impedance; in practice most transmission lines used in these applications are coaxial cables with an impedance of either 50 or 75 ohms. Checking the SWR is a standard procedure in a radio station, for instance, to verify impedance matching of the antenna to the transmission line (and transmitter). Unlike connecting an impedance analyzer (or ""impedance bridge"") directly to the antenna (or other load), the SWR does not measure the actual impedance of the load, but quantifies the magnitude of the impedance mismatch just performing a measurement on the transmitter side of the transmission line.
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