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ELEM_CouvC_V1n3 copy
ELEM_CouvC_V1n3 copy

... advantage of only requiring prebiotic synthesis of one polymer (RNA) rather than two (DNA and protein). While the debate between a metabolism-first and geneticfirst origin of life continues (see George Cody’s article in this issue), I am persuaded that some type of genetic mechanism was essential fo ...
Lehninger Principles of Biochemistry 5/e
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... Both the amount and the catalytic activity of an enzyme can be regulated 1. Extracellular signal: hormonal, neuronal, growth factors etc. 2. Transcription: activate or repress the transcription 3. The stability of mRNA 4. The rate of translation 5. The rate of protein degradation 6. Sequester the e ...
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TFE3 contains two activation domains, one acidic and the other
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Chemical Biology 03 BLOOD

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... 1. The first amino acid incorporated into proteins ________. A) can be any of the 20 standard amino acids B) is an N-formylmethionine in E. coli and methionine in other organisms C) is always inosinate D) is an amidated methionine residue that is cleaved following termination of translation 2. How ...
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... For example acetylation is required for tropomyosin binding to actin, it modifies the kinetic properties of the rat glycine N-methyltransferase, causes the loss of specific peptidase activities of 20S proteosome, modifies the interaction strength between the E2 enzyme Ubiquitin Conjugating 12 (Ubc12 ...
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... allow the molecule to report on a wide range of cAMP concentrations, as both the half and fully occupied dimers (each with distinct DNA-binding affinities) are populated to significant levels [20]. By contrast, it has been proposed that CprK exhibits either extreme positive or no cooperativity, both ...
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lecture 5

... other factors to the small ribosomal subunit. No other charged tRNA can bind to a free small ribosomal subunit. Next, the 5¢ end of an mRNA combines with the initiator tRNA–small ribosomal subunit complex, and the complex migrates along the mRNA until an AUG sequence (initiator codon) is encountered ...
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... Around 1990, Szostak et al., Joyce et al., and Gold et al. independently developed a screening methodology to select RNA molecules that can catalyze a specific reaction (ribozyme) or bind to a specific molecule (aptamer) from the RNA library (RNA pool of miscellaneous random sequences) [3–5]. This m ...
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Molecular modeling of HIV-1 reverse

... However, since the aim of the study was to see if computations would produce quantative trends that might shed light on the mechanistic effects of mutations on polymerase activity and resistance to NNIRTs, it was felt that the method was valid within these limits. This model was modified separately ...
Differential expression of arid5b isoforms in Xenopus
Differential expression of arid5b isoforms in Xenopus

... the pronephric region by in situ hybridization (fig.4A). At stage 25, arid5b was strongly expressed in the antero- ...
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Transcriptional regulation

In molecular biology and genetics, transcriptional regulation is the means by which a cell regulates the conversion of DNA to RNA (transcription), thereby orchestrating gene activity. A single gene can be regulated in a range of ways, from altering the number of copies of RNA that are transcribed, to the temporal control of when the gene is transcribed. This control allows the cell or organism to respond to a variety of intra- and extracellular signals and thus mount a response. Some examples of this include producing the mRNA that encode enzymes to adapt to a change in a food source, producing the gene products involved in cell cycle specific activities, and producing the gene products responsible for cellular differentiation in higher eukaryotes.The regulation of transcription is a vital process in all living organisms. It is orchestrated by transcription factors and other proteins working in concert to finely tune the amount of RNA being produced through a variety of mechanisms. Prokaryotic organisms and eukaryotic organisms have very different strategies of accomplishing control over transcription, but some important features remain conserved between the two. Most importantly is the idea of combinatorial control, which is that any given gene is likely controlled by a specific combination of factors to control transcription. In a hypothetical example, the factors A and B might regulate a distinct set of genes from the combination of factors A and C. This combinatorial nature extends to complexes of far more than two proteins, and allows a very small subset (less than 10%) of the genome to control the transcriptional program of the entire cell.
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