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Chapter 4 Notes
Chapter 4 Notes

... letters of the Latin alphabet put together make up different Roman numerals. VII= 7, XXX=30, III=3. • A long string of amino acids form a protein. Such as multiple letters equal a larger number. • Proteins are the messengers for many processes in the cell. ...
Genotyping and Copy Number Variation
Genotyping and Copy Number Variation

... •  Mutagenic agents •  Irradiation •  Viruses •  Others? ...
lecture 1
lecture 1

... Chain of nucleotides has alternating sugar and phosphate components, called the “sugarphosphate backbone.” Nitrogenous bases stick off backbone at regular intervals. ...
Bio1A Unit 1-2 Biological Molecules Notes File
Bio1A Unit 1-2 Biological Molecules Notes File

... Single stranded, uses uracil (U) instead of thymine (T) mRNA - messenger RNA – “work order” determines what proteins are made rRNA – component of ribosomes (haloenzyme that makes protein) tRNA – transfer RNA – brings amino acids to ribosome to make proteins ...
CH 11 Study Guide: DNA, RNA, and Proteins
CH 11 Study Guide: DNA, RNA, and Proteins

... 4. List the three types of RNA and explain the function of each. mRNA: carries the DNA message from the nucleus to the cytoplasm rRNA: combines with proteins to form the ribosome tRNA: carries amino acids to the ribosome so that proteins can be made 5. Who discovered the structure of DNA? Watson & C ...
Microbial Genomics
Microbial Genomics

... complete microbial genomes and how this nucleotide sequence data is transformed into biological data. This is called the top down approach. ...
Filters Applied to ENCODE Data
Filters Applied to ENCODE Data

... noise. Both the MCS intervals (from the binMCS95 table) and the phastConsElements have already been limited to the top 5% of the genome. The threshold for the RP scores was determined by calibration studies on a reference set of regulatory elements in the HBB complex (King et al. 2005). All DNAse I ...
How does DNA copy itself?
How does DNA copy itself?

... • Only known molecule to be able to duplicate itself • Basic: unzips itself, find complementary base pairs ...
Protein synthesis: An expressive couple
Protein synthesis: An expressive couple

... novel link between transcription and translation in eukaryotes. mRNAs shuttle between polysomes (sites of active translation) and processing bodies (PBs), the latter being complexes in which non-translating mRNAs accumulate and may be degraded. It is increasingly evident that translation and mRNA de ...
CH 11 Study Guide: DNA, RNA, and Proteins
CH 11 Study Guide: DNA, RNA, and Proteins

... rRNA: forms the ribosome tRNA: carries amino acids to the ribosome so that proteins can be made 5. Who discovered the structure of DNA? Watson & Crick 6. IF a sequence of codons on a DNA strand is AAC TAG GGT, what is the corresponding sequence in a strand of mRNA? What tRNA sequence would pair up t ...
CAP5510 - Bioinformatics
CAP5510 - Bioinformatics

... elements end up inside the cell ...
Chalkboard Challenge
Chalkboard Challenge

... b) What type of gene mutation is this an example of? ...
lecture 03b
lecture 03b

... closely related. • Bacteria attach by means of a sex pilus, hold each other close, and DNA is transferred. • Plasmids other than F plasmids, such as resistance plasmids, can also be exchanged, leading to antibioticresistant bacteria. ...
NUCLEOTIDES AND NUCLEIC ACIDS 2
NUCLEOTIDES AND NUCLEIC ACIDS 2

... • c. they bear genes and act as a functional unit of heredity. • d. they are capable of reproducing its physical and chemical structure through successive cell division. ...
Biology II – Chapter 9: DNA: The Molecule of Heredity
Biology II – Chapter 9: DNA: The Molecule of Heredity

...  Occurs at many points on the molecule – all happening at the same time  Reduces the copying time dramatically o The cell where replication occurs has a built-in “proofreader” – allows for very little error in copying – approximately one error per billion nucleotides occurs o DNA also has the abil ...
An Overview of Protein Synthesis
An Overview of Protein Synthesis

... Types of RNA: 1) mRNA = messenger RNA – carries the code for the protein to the ribosome. Made from the DNA template. 2) tRNA = transfer RNA – transfers amino acids from the cytoplasm to the ribosome for polypeptide synthesis. 3) rRNA = ribosomal RNA – structural component of ribosomes. Provides the ...
Ch 5
Ch 5

... mRNA has codons – a sequence of 3 nucleotides that codes for an amino acid. tRNA has anticodons that are complementary to mRNA’s codons. AUG is the universal ‘start’ codon that tells the ribosome to start translating. There are three ‘stop’codons – UAA, UAG and UGA – that tell the ribosome to stop t ...
Section L Regulation of Transcription in Prokaryotes
Section L Regulation of Transcription in Prokaryotes

... More then 17 heat-shock proteins are expressed in E.coli through transcription by RNApol using an alternative s32 , which have own specific promoter consensus sequence ...
BiochemReview
BiochemReview

... • The 5’ end of the intron to be removed is called the splice donor. 3’ end is the splice acceptor. • 1) 5’ end of the intron is cleaved. • 2) This is stuck onto an A residue about 20 bp in front of acceptor site. This makes a strange 5’-2’ bond. This is called the lariat. • 3) 3’ end of intron clea ...
Molecules to Eye Color - Springfield School District
Molecules to Eye Color - Springfield School District

... 2 identical strands of DNA  An enzyme called DNA polymerase “unzips” the two strands by breaking the H-bonds.  Nucleotides with complimentary bases are attached to the exposed strands ...
DNA, RNA and Protein Synthesis Webquest
DNA, RNA and Protein Synthesis Webquest

... Step 3: What molecules are involved in protein synthesis? Use an internet search engine to help you answer these: 1. What are the monomers (subunits or building blocks) of DNA and RNA? 2. What are the monomers (subunits or building blocks) of proteins? 3. What are genes made of? 4. What are the poly ...
DNA Structure, Replication and Protein Synthesis
DNA Structure, Replication and Protein Synthesis

... Insert the most appropriate words in each of the following spaces:  A section of DNA that causes the production of a protein is called a ___________________. Sections of  DNA that do not code for a particular protein are called _____________________________. The  protein ____________________________ ...
Biology - Raleigh Charter High School
Biology - Raleigh Charter High School

... nucleosome. The nucleosome bead is DNA wound around a protein core made of two of these histones: H2A, H2B, H3, and H4. H1, another histone attaches to the DNA near the bead when the chromatin undergoes the next level of packing. ...
Slide 1
Slide 1

... - Three ways to reveal DNA “chromatin remodeling” 2. Methylation - highly repetitive sequences - imprinted genes - Barr bodies Some proteins bind to the methylated cytosines, and may either recruit repressors or interrupt transcription factor binding. ...
From DNA To Protein
From DNA To Protein

... • DNA and RNA are both nucleic acids • mRNA – the messenger RNA; carries the message from the DNA instructing the ribosome which sequence of amino acids to bond together • tRNA – the transfer RNA; brings amino acids to the ribosome • rRNA – the ribosomal RNA; with proteins physically composes the ri ...
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Transcriptional regulation

In molecular biology and genetics, transcriptional regulation is the means by which a cell regulates the conversion of DNA to RNA (transcription), thereby orchestrating gene activity. A single gene can be regulated in a range of ways, from altering the number of copies of RNA that are transcribed, to the temporal control of when the gene is transcribed. This control allows the cell or organism to respond to a variety of intra- and extracellular signals and thus mount a response. Some examples of this include producing the mRNA that encode enzymes to adapt to a change in a food source, producing the gene products involved in cell cycle specific activities, and producing the gene products responsible for cellular differentiation in higher eukaryotes.The regulation of transcription is a vital process in all living organisms. It is orchestrated by transcription factors and other proteins working in concert to finely tune the amount of RNA being produced through a variety of mechanisms. Prokaryotic organisms and eukaryotic organisms have very different strategies of accomplishing control over transcription, but some important features remain conserved between the two. Most importantly is the idea of combinatorial control, which is that any given gene is likely controlled by a specific combination of factors to control transcription. In a hypothetical example, the factors A and B might regulate a distinct set of genes from the combination of factors A and C. This combinatorial nature extends to complexes of far more than two proteins, and allows a very small subset (less than 10%) of the genome to control the transcriptional program of the entire cell.
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