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Unit 1 PPT 1 (2a Proteomics)
Unit 1 PPT 1 (2a Proteomics)

... RNA splicing • When mRNA is transcribed in eukaryotic cells it is composed of introns and exons. • Introns are the non-coding sequence of the mRNA and will not be expressed in the protein molecule. They are spliced out (removed) from the mRNA. • Exons are the coding sequence and will be expressed i ...
8-3 Notes with Power point
8-3 Notes with Power point

... 1.The DNA is unwound and unzipped by the enzyme _______________________. The strands are held apart by single-stranded binding proteins (also known as ssbps) 2. Each original DNA strand is used as a ____________________________(or model) to make a new DNA strand with base pairing 3. The enzyme _____ ...
Document
Document

... of Introns • Some introns contain sequences that may ________________________________ • Some genes can encode _________________ _________________, depending on which segments are treated as exons during splicing • This is called __________________________ • Consequently, the number of different prot ...
DNA stucture - worldofbiology09
DNA stucture - worldofbiology09

... For cells to divide into new cells and still contain all the necessary instructions (genes), DNA must have the ability to replicate itself. DNA replication is said to be semi-conservative as each new DNA molecule contains one strand from the original and one newly synthesised ...
The Bacterial DNA Replication A typical bacterial cell has anywhere
The Bacterial DNA Replication A typical bacterial cell has anywhere

...  Primers are short stretches of RNA of nucleotides (about 10 to 12 bases in length) synthesized by an RNA polymerase enzyme called primase.  Primers are required because DNA polymerases, the enzymes responsible for the actual addition of nucleotides to the new DNA strand, can only add nucleotides ...
Text S2
Text S2

... “Cellular Processes and Signaling” (36%), “Information Storage and Processing” (16%), and “Metabolism” (16%) functional classes (figure A). Because the most abundant class of genes in the human genome is “Cellular Processes and Signaling” (figure B), the formation of CGs by parent genes belonging to ...
Document
Document

... tRNA insert its first amino acid The start codon is usually AUG and codes for methionine So almost all proteins begin with methionine as its first amino acid The stop codon is the one that makes the tRNA stop inserting amino acids UAA, UAG, UGA are all stop codons ...
Dr. Escobar
Dr. Escobar

... Washes and Color Detection Analysis ...
power pack 4 - WordPress.com
power pack 4 - WordPress.com

... activator in milk ( Goat ). Transgenic microbes are being used in industry for producing different bio chemicals and various functions. For example, Pseudomonas putida has been changed by introducing Plasmids of different strains for Alcoholic fermentation. Bt Cotton, a transgenic crop variety, have ...
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Document

... genes, or messenger RNAs, which are the RNAs that get translated into proteins. Also, most snRNA (splicing) and microRNAs (RNAi). This is the most studied type, and due to the high level of control required over transcription a range of transcription factors are required for its binding to promoters ...
Mechanisms of Glucocorticoid-Regulated Gene Transcription
Mechanisms of Glucocorticoid-Regulated Gene Transcription

... this gene can give rise to several isoforms with unique expression profiles [34, 35]. In addition, post-translational modifications of these isoforms further expand the diversity of responses to glucocorticoids. Besides the predominant GR isoform GRα(alpha), alternative splicing of GR can generate at ...
Full Article
Full Article

... cells and as a source of highly toxic oxidants used for microbicidal killing when produced in high concentrations by inducible NOS in macrophages [4]. ROS, as signalling molecules, regulate the expression of genes whose products serve important functions in the immune response, proliferation control ...
No Slide Title
No Slide Title

... All information needed for protein synthesis is located on DNA However, this information can not be used directly Ribonucleic acid (RNA) is used as an intermediate to take information from DNA to make proteins The RNA used for this transcription is called messenger RNA (mRNA) ...
IIIp-1  nuc Neurospora crassa
IIIp-1 nuc Neurospora crassa

... negatively regulated by a SCF ubiquitin ligase complex which consists of the proteins encoded by the scon (sulphur controller) genes. Both metR and scon genes constitute a regulatory system known as sulphur metabolite repression (SMR). Loss of function mutations in the metR gene cause methionine aux ...
Protein Synthesis Card Sort
Protein Synthesis Card Sort

... attaches to the unzipped DNA and reads the A, T, G, C (Nitrogen base pairs) code. ...
Dr Asmat Salim MM 707 Molecular biology
Dr Asmat Salim MM 707 Molecular biology

... The optimal working temperature is about 37°C, with a maximum of 42°C. Weaker RNase activity. ...
Protein Synthesis
Protein Synthesis

... tRNA's read the next codon. In the example on the left the next tRNA to read the mRNA is tyrosine. When the correct match with the anticodons of a tRNA has been found, the tyrosine forms a peptide bond with the growing peptide chain . The proline is now hydrolyzed from the tRNA. The proline tRNA now ...
Important Experiments
Important Experiments

... iii. 37. _______________– environmental agents such as UV light and chemicals that alter the DNA Page 4 of 9 ...
CHAPTER 19 Regulation of Gene Expression in Bacteria and
CHAPTER 19 Regulation of Gene Expression in Bacteria and

... 3. All genes are regulated at some level, so that as resources dwindle the cell can respond with a different molecular strategy. 4. Prokaryotic genes are often organized into operons that are cotranscribed. A regulatory protein binds an operator sequence in the DNA adjacent to the gene array, and co ...
DNA - Paxon Biology
DNA - Paxon Biology

... - The synthesis of a polypeptide, which occurs under the direction of mRNA. - The mRNA made in transcription leaves the nucleus and then travels into the cytoplasm to be translated. - Translation occurs on the ribosomes. - Ribosomes are made of rRNA - Ribosomes facilitate the orderly linking of amin ...
Transcription to Translation Scavenger Hunt
Transcription to Translation Scavenger Hunt

... they have both correct, give hints to students who need more help. First group with the correct answer gets candy (optional, but they seem to like rewards for being first). 4. Teams which finish early should be assigned to “posts” in order to help teams which are struggling. Have someone collect “ex ...
recombinant dna and polymerase chain reactions
recombinant dna and polymerase chain reactions

... into the bacteria so they can multiply and make more of the gene. Can be done by combining them in a test tube with CaCl2. The high concentration of calcium ions makes the membranes of the bacteria more porous. This then allows the plasmids to move into the bacterial cells. Not all bacteria will tak ...
Nucleotides Base Pair By Hydrogen bonds
Nucleotides Base Pair By Hydrogen bonds

... synthesis. Cells that have stopped cycling, such as muscle and nerve cells, are said to be in a special state called Go. • S phase is the period of time during which DNA replication occurs. At the end of S phase, each chromosome has doubled its DNA content and is composed of two identical sister chr ...
02. Molecular basis of heredity. Realization of hereditary information
02. Molecular basis of heredity. Realization of hereditary information

... mouse shrew ...
Isolating Hereditary Material
Isolating Hereditary Material

... To determine the roles that the T2 bacteriophage's DNA and protein play in infection, Hershey and Chase decided to use radioisotopes to trace the fate of the phage's protein and DNA by taking advantage of their chemical differences. Proteins contain sulfur, but DNA does not. Conversely, DNA contains ...
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Transcriptional regulation

In molecular biology and genetics, transcriptional regulation is the means by which a cell regulates the conversion of DNA to RNA (transcription), thereby orchestrating gene activity. A single gene can be regulated in a range of ways, from altering the number of copies of RNA that are transcribed, to the temporal control of when the gene is transcribed. This control allows the cell or organism to respond to a variety of intra- and extracellular signals and thus mount a response. Some examples of this include producing the mRNA that encode enzymes to adapt to a change in a food source, producing the gene products involved in cell cycle specific activities, and producing the gene products responsible for cellular differentiation in higher eukaryotes.The regulation of transcription is a vital process in all living organisms. It is orchestrated by transcription factors and other proteins working in concert to finely tune the amount of RNA being produced through a variety of mechanisms. Prokaryotic organisms and eukaryotic organisms have very different strategies of accomplishing control over transcription, but some important features remain conserved between the two. Most importantly is the idea of combinatorial control, which is that any given gene is likely controlled by a specific combination of factors to control transcription. In a hypothetical example, the factors A and B might regulate a distinct set of genes from the combination of factors A and C. This combinatorial nature extends to complexes of far more than two proteins, and allows a very small subset (less than 10%) of the genome to control the transcriptional program of the entire cell.
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