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1 - chem.msu.su
1 - chem.msu.su

... introduces a bulky, highly charged group into a region that was only moderately polar. When the modified side chain is located in a region of the protein critical to its three-dimensional structure, phosphorylation can be expected to have dramatic effects on protein conformation and thus on the cata ...
IB Biology HL1 Fall MC questions Water / Characteristics of life
IB Biology HL1 Fall MC questions Water / Characteristics of life

... was added replication occurred, but the DNA molecules formed were defective. Each consisted of a normal DNA strand paired with segments of DNA a few hundred nucleotides long. Which of the following had been left out of the mixture? A. DNA ligase B. ...
CIT - Cork Institute of Technology
CIT - Cork Institute of Technology

... b) In relation to point mutations within a coding region of a gene, differentiate between the following mutations and indicate their effect at an amino acid level. ...
No Slide Title
No Slide Title

... forms a template for a “new” strand two identical DNA molecules form ...
Document
Document

... How do microarrays measure gene expression? 1. The total RNA is isolated from 2 different biological samples (for example, RNA from normal cells and cancer cells). 2. The RNA is reversed transcribed to cDNA. Each population of cDNA is labeled with a different fluorescent dye (ie, red for cancer and ...
HRB/MRCG 2011/7 Genome-wide DNA methylation analysis of
HRB/MRCG 2011/7 Genome-wide DNA methylation analysis of

... A total of 146 protein-coding genes exhibited altered DNA methylation in human TLE, with 81.5% of the promoters of these genes undergoing hypermethylation (suggesting “turn-off”). Unique methylation changes were found in the brain of patients with TLE as well as according to pathology. An analysis o ...
Analytical Questions
Analytical Questions

... 4. The primary structure of a protein is the linear order of amino acids in the polypeptide chain joined by covalent peptide bonds. The secondary structure refers to the formation of either -helices or pleated sheets by the peptide chain. -helices are stabilized by hydrogen bonding between the s ...
Ribonucleic acids are found in both the nucleus and the cytoplasm
Ribonucleic acids are found in both the nucleus and the cytoplasm

... Fig: Transcription process In this way DNA controls the genetic information being transcribed into the RNA molecule. This information is in the form of a series of exons and introns complementary to those found in the parent gene. The strands of DNA contain start and stop signals, which control the ...
DNA and Protein Synthesis Concept Questions
DNA and Protein Synthesis Concept Questions

... 13. As a research biologist, you know of a bacterium that produces an antifungal molecule that is quite effective against a certain crop plant fungus. There would be great economic importance in enabling the plant to resist the fungus. How might you use DNA technology to accomplish this? 14. A segme ...
video slide - SharpSchool
video slide - SharpSchool

... Working with the mold Neurospora crassa, George Beadle and Edward Tatum had isolated mutants requiring arginine in their growth medium and had shown genetically that these mutants fell into three classes, each defective in a different gene. From other considerations, they suspected that the metaboli ...
Globin Gene Exercise
Globin Gene Exercise

... and continues until nucleotide 62,631, where they will encounter the second intron. The third and last exon stretches from nucleotide 63,482 to 63,610. Your students will also find in this exercise that the second exon is translated in the a reading frame, and the third is translated in the b readin ...
Evolution & Phylogeny ppt
Evolution & Phylogeny ppt

... – subjective element added. Result: many disputes over proposed phylogenies – not easily resolved (e.g. Brusca’s discussion) ...
150-06 (8-10-96) RNA world begins to add up
150-06 (8-10-96) RNA world begins to add up

... of the RNA world hypothesis, a scenario in which life began with RNA and later added DNA and proteins to its repertoire, are therefore seeking to create self-replicating RNA molecules to mirror those with which life on Earth might have originated. To self-replicate, an RNA strand would need to strin ...
PowerPoint
PowerPoint

... • http://www.public.iastate.edu/~dnett/ ...
Effect of Flik mutation on the transcriptional activity
Effect of Flik mutation on the transcriptional activity

... • Helicobacter pylori is a bacterium that may cause a variety of gastrointestinal disorders • The FliK protein plays an important role in H. pylori motility • Microarrays constructed and confirmed with Comparative genomic hybridization • Results indicate that mutations in FliK affect transcription • ...
Quiz 2
Quiz 2

... been successful in disrupting the gene of interest. Do you expect the mutant gene to be larger or smaller than the normal copy? Explain your answer. (5 points) It depends on the type of vector used to generate the mutation and the size of the Neor gene. If the vector contained a large deletion in th ...
Ch 16+ 17 Reading Guide
Ch 16+ 17 Reading Guide

... 9. Define and explain the role of ribozymes. What three properties allow some RNA molecules to function as ribozymes? 10. Describe the functional and evolutionary significance of introns. 11. Explain why, due to alternative RNA splicing, the number of different protein products an organism can produ ...
1 Protein structure Protein folding
1 Protein structure Protein folding

... Protein Structure (2) Aspects of protein structure that are important for function and often discussed: – Surface properties: Most interactions happen at the molecular surface. Determinants are charge and shape – Active site: Often, just a few amino acids do the main (enzymatic) task of a protein. ...
My CHXE Carrot BAC Research Poster
My CHXE Carrot BAC Research Poster

... A Carrot (Daucus carota) bacterial artificial chromosome was cloned and the plasmid DNA extracted from it. The DNA was tested for the presence of the CHXE gene through PCR amplification utilizing various primers that spanned the entire known cDNA sequence of the gene. Gel electrophoresis was perform ...
chapter 12 practice test - open to see diagrams
chapter 12 practice test - open to see diagrams

... a. adenine. c. phosphate groups. b. uracil. d. thymine. 4. Which type(s) of RNA is(are) involved in protein synthesis? a. transfer RNA only b. messenger RNA only c. ribosomal RNA and transfer RNA only d. messenger RNA, ribosomal RNA, and transfer RNA 5. How many codons are needed to specify three am ...
Chapter 7 Operons: Fine Control of Bacterial Transcription Bacterial
Chapter 7 Operons: Fine Control of Bacterial Transcription Bacterial

... 14. Diagram how arabinose relieves repression in the araBAD operon. Show whereAraC is located (a) in the absence of arabinose; (b) in the presence of arabinose and lack glucose. See Fig. 31. Because the his operon for synthesis of histidine operates much like trp operon. What might you predict about ...
Understanding DNA
Understanding DNA

... A. mRNA enters the ribosome B. 3 mRNA nucleotides (codons) pair up with 3 tRNA nucleotides (anticodons) C. amino acids are added until the “stop” message is reached ...
Genetic Coding in Ce..
Genetic Coding in Ce..

... The RNA polymerase recognizes a termination site on the DNA molecule and releases the new pre - mRNA. Next the pre - mRNA under goes splicing. This is when the non-coding sequences or introns are eliminated. The coding mRNA sequence can be described as an exon. Now the mature mRNA leaves the nucleus ...
Prescott`s Microbiology, 9th Edition Chapter 17 – Recombinant DNA
Prescott`s Microbiology, 9th Edition Chapter 17 – Recombinant DNA

... Shuttle vectors can ‘shuttle’ between at least two hosts, and so can be replicated in at least two different cell types. Plasmid Yep24 can be replicated in the prokaryote E. coli or the eukaryote Saccharomyces cerevisiae. This allows easy amplification in E. coli for use in experimentation in the ye ...
ap® biology 2012 scoring guidelines - AP Central
ap® biology 2012 scoring guidelines - AP Central

... RNA splicing in protein synthesis: “[S]plicosome [sic] cuts segments out of the RNA strand … called introns.” One point was earned for describing the function of repressor proteins: “Repressor proteins can bind to the promoter[,] … preventing the expression of that gene.” One point was earned for de ...
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Transcriptional regulation

In molecular biology and genetics, transcriptional regulation is the means by which a cell regulates the conversion of DNA to RNA (transcription), thereby orchestrating gene activity. A single gene can be regulated in a range of ways, from altering the number of copies of RNA that are transcribed, to the temporal control of when the gene is transcribed. This control allows the cell or organism to respond to a variety of intra- and extracellular signals and thus mount a response. Some examples of this include producing the mRNA that encode enzymes to adapt to a change in a food source, producing the gene products involved in cell cycle specific activities, and producing the gene products responsible for cellular differentiation in higher eukaryotes.The regulation of transcription is a vital process in all living organisms. It is orchestrated by transcription factors and other proteins working in concert to finely tune the amount of RNA being produced through a variety of mechanisms. Prokaryotic organisms and eukaryotic organisms have very different strategies of accomplishing control over transcription, but some important features remain conserved between the two. Most importantly is the idea of combinatorial control, which is that any given gene is likely controlled by a specific combination of factors to control transcription. In a hypothetical example, the factors A and B might regulate a distinct set of genes from the combination of factors A and C. This combinatorial nature extends to complexes of far more than two proteins, and allows a very small subset (less than 10%) of the genome to control the transcriptional program of the entire cell.
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