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DNA & Protein Synthesis
DNA & Protein Synthesis

... for synthesis of a specific protein ...
MICROBIAL GENETICS
MICROBIAL GENETICS

... B. Frameshift Mutations, in which one or a few nucleotide pairs are Deleted or Inserted in the DNA . This mutation can shift the translational reading frame" - that is, the three-by-three grouping of nucleotides recognized as ...
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Gene Section CLIC4 (chloride intracellular channel 4)  Atlas of Genetics and Cytogenetics
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... CLIC4 has been shown to regulate TGF-beta signaling. It has been shown to translocate to the nucleus in a Schnurri-2 dependent manner and nuclear CLIC4 has been shown to subsequently stabilise phospho- Smad2 and Smad3. CLIC4 has been implicated in angiogenesis. It has been shown to be involved in ac ...
Cytoplasmic RNA improves accuracy of mRNA
Cytoplasmic RNA improves accuracy of mRNA

... nuclear fraction indicating cross contamination from the cytoplasmic fraction. B) Agarose gel electrophoresis indicating the cross contamination between the nuclear and the cytoplasmic fraction. Genomic DNA and ribosomal RNA traces are detectable in both fractions. Samples 1 and 2 show results with ...
A Biology Primer for Computer Scientists
A Biology Primer for Computer Scientists

... a new complementary strand is synthesized. For the synthesis to occur, a specific site (origin) on the original double-stranded sequence is located, beginning at this site the two strands are unfolded, and synthesis of both new complementary strands starts (in more advanced organisms with longer DNA ...
The Module Manual of Biochemistry
The Module Manual of Biochemistry

... model, the different kinds of enzyme inhibition, as well as their kinetics characteristics. To have a basic understanding of the ways about the control of enzyme activities and allosteric enzymes. About DNA Structure and Replication To understand the fundamental aspects of the structure and function ...
Endoplasmic reticulum - Protein synthesis
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... The topic of Molecular Genetics deals with the DNA of the cell and the process that is used to decode its genetic code and use the information to make proteins. Genes are made of DNA. The expression of DNA is protein. The term given for making a protein is called “protein synthesis.” This requires D ...
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Archaea are prokaryotic
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Structure and Properties of DNA and Genes
Structure and Properties of DNA and Genes

... DNA, genes may reside on either of the two strands. Genes range in size from only a few hundred to several thousand consecutive nucleotides, depending on the size of the polypeptide that they code for. Slide 8 Genes also are generally flanked by sequences of nucleotides that act to regulate their tr ...
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Biotechnology
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Cosmids, phasmids and other advanced vectors

... The core enzyme consists of two identical α subunits and one each of the β and β′ subunits. The core enzyme is not active unless an additional subunit, the σ factor, is present. RNA polymerase recognizes different types of promoters depending on which type of σ factor is attached. The most common pr ...
Tag-ChIP-IT® Enables ChIP Without Protein
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dna adducts - dr
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... DNA adducts are chemicals that are covalently bound to the genomic DNA. The source of the chemicals can be either exogenous (xenobiotic) or endogenous (including metabolites of xenobiotics). The effect of an adduct depends on it’s location on DNA: • An adduct on a gene will usually reduces or blocks ...
SBI3U Genetics Review
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PowerPoint 演示文稿 - Xiamen University
PowerPoint 演示文稿 - Xiamen University

... Figure 7.15 CAP plus cAMP allow formation of an open promoter complex. (a) When RNA polymerase binds to the lac promoter without CAP, it forms a closed promoter complex. This is susceptible to inhibition when rifampicin is added along with nucleotides, so no transcription occurs. (b) When RNA polym ...
Nucleic Acids - Westgate Mennonite Collegiate
Nucleic Acids - Westgate Mennonite Collegiate

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Biotechnology PP
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DNA & Protein Synthesis
DNA & Protein Synthesis

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DNA Biology
DNA Biology

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Transcriptional regulation

In molecular biology and genetics, transcriptional regulation is the means by which a cell regulates the conversion of DNA to RNA (transcription), thereby orchestrating gene activity. A single gene can be regulated in a range of ways, from altering the number of copies of RNA that are transcribed, to the temporal control of when the gene is transcribed. This control allows the cell or organism to respond to a variety of intra- and extracellular signals and thus mount a response. Some examples of this include producing the mRNA that encode enzymes to adapt to a change in a food source, producing the gene products involved in cell cycle specific activities, and producing the gene products responsible for cellular differentiation in higher eukaryotes.The regulation of transcription is a vital process in all living organisms. It is orchestrated by transcription factors and other proteins working in concert to finely tune the amount of RNA being produced through a variety of mechanisms. Prokaryotic organisms and eukaryotic organisms have very different strategies of accomplishing control over transcription, but some important features remain conserved between the two. Most importantly is the idea of combinatorial control, which is that any given gene is likely controlled by a specific combination of factors to control transcription. In a hypothetical example, the factors A and B might regulate a distinct set of genes from the combination of factors A and C. This combinatorial nature extends to complexes of far more than two proteins, and allows a very small subset (less than 10%) of the genome to control the transcriptional program of the entire cell.
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