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Study Guide for Midterm
Study Guide for Midterm

... finish with the steps of translation. What happens if a nucleotide in the DNA changed (how can that effect the overall structure of a protein being made). Also, make SURE you can answer or recognize the following: 1) Make sure you can recognize the following atoms and how many bonds they will form ( ...
Algorithms for Bioinformatics Autumn 2010
Algorithms for Bioinformatics Autumn 2010

...  Analysis of such biological sequences forms the backbone of all bioinformatics. ...
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ppt

... GENE10 ...
7.1 The lac Operon
7.1 The lac Operon

... must remove the repressor from the operator - the “brake” is a protein called the lac repressor – Positive control, like the accelerator pedal of a car, an activator, additional positive factor responds to low glucose by stimulating transcription of the lac operon ...
Chpt17_TxnlRegLambda.doc
Chpt17_TxnlRegLambda.doc

... Not all bacteriophage lyse their host bacteria upon infection. Temperate phage reside in the host genome and do not kill the host, whereas lytic phage cause lysis of their hosts when they infect bacteria. The bacteriophage  can choose between these two “lifestyles.” The molecular basis for this dec ...
Egenis, The First Five Years
Egenis, The First Five Years

... All of these causal steps have multiple possible outcomes Causation runs in both directions Therefore whether a stretch of DNA is a gene for X, Y, Z, all of these, or nothing, depends on the context ...
ASTR 380 The Origins of Life on Earth
ASTR 380 The Origins of Life on Earth

... occur at the cell wall. Very clearly more primitive than eukaryote cells ...
Chapter 15
Chapter 15

... • Grouping of functionally related genes • Multiple enzymes for a pathway • Can be regulated together ...
Slide 1
Slide 1

... CsgD-dependent regulation: is there more to the curli/cellulose matrix? • At least two genes are directly controlled by CsgD: csgBA (curli subunits) and adrA (cellulose) • Genomic and proteomic approach comparing csgDproficient to strains in which no csgD expression is detectable to identify novel ...
Biotechnology toolkit part 1 File
Biotechnology toolkit part 1 File

... Step 1: isolate the DNA from the rest of the cell This is done by mechanically breaking the cells open, then using detergents and enzymes to break down the cell walls and membranes. The detergents also break down the nuclear membrane releasing the DNA. Step 2: remove the unwanted cell debris This is ...
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... • RNA 3’-CGCAUAC-5’ ...
Translation: DNA to mRNA to Protein
Translation: DNA to mRNA to Protein

... causes the release of IFs (initiation factors). The large subunit of the ribosome has three sites at which tRNA molecules can bind. The A (amino acid) site is the location at which the aminoacyl-tRNA anticodon base pairs up with the mRNA codon, ensuring that correct amino acid is added to the growin ...
GENETICS 603 Exam 1, September 27, 2013 1. Which of the
GENETICS 603 Exam 1, September 27, 2013 1. Which of the

... pro-­‐  and  eukaryotes  with  regard  to  gene  expression.    What  differences  would  be  critical  factors  in   the  ability  to  express  a  eukaryotic  gene  in  E.  coli?         ...
File
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... ADVANCED: Virtual Lab: Protein Synthesis ...
Unit 1 Topic 2: Genes and Health
Unit 1 Topic 2: Genes and Health

... 5. Describe how membrane structure can be investigated practically, eg by the effect of alcohol concentration or temperature on membrane permeability. 6. Describe the properties of gas exchange surfaces in living organisms (large surface area to volume ratio, thickness of surface, difference in conc ...
Modulation of Gene Expression by Scaffold/Matrix Attached Regions
Modulation of Gene Expression by Scaffold/Matrix Attached Regions

... detection. There are two basic criteria: first, S/MARs constitute those endogenous DNA fragments that co-purify with the nuclear matrix (i.e. remain bound to the nuclear matrix after chromatin proteins and DNA in the chromatin loops have been removed) or second, S/MARs represent those exogenously ad ...
Biocatalysis - Chatham University
Biocatalysis - Chatham University

... methanol, ionic liquids ...
I. Arabidopsis Is a Model Organism
I. Arabidopsis Is a Model Organism

... codon to stop codon instead of one for an amino acid. a) The results are serious. 4. Missense mutations occur when a protein is made but due to a DNA change in a single nucleotide, the protein can have the wrong shape. 5. Frameshift mutations most often occur because one or more nucleotides are eith ...
Proteins
Proteins

... Codon: The sequence of 3 nucleotides in DNA/RNA that encodes for a specific amino acid. mRNA (messenger RNA): A ribonucleic acid whose sequence is complementary to that of a proteincoding gene in DNA. Ribosome: The organelle that synthesizes polypeptides under the direction of mRNA rRNA (ribosomal R ...
Chapter 11: DNA and Genes
Chapter 11: DNA and Genes

... Transcription • The main difference between transcription and DNA replication is that transcription results in the formation of one single-stranded RNA molecule rather than a double-stranded DNA molecule. ...
Chpt10_TxnRNAPol.doc
Chpt10_TxnRNAPol.doc

... initiation of transcription. They are required for RNA polymerase to bind avidly and specifically to normal sites for transcription initiation, thereby generating specific transcripts of genes (see Fig. 3.1.14). Other transcription factors are needed for elongation. In living cells, RNA polymerases ...
Nucleic Acids and Nucleotides
Nucleic Acids and Nucleotides

... The entire genetic content of a cell is known as its ...
99 GENE STRUCTURE Previous lectures have detailed the
99 GENE STRUCTURE Previous lectures have detailed the

... In addition, we will see later that a knowledge of the characteristics of a gene, including those sequences that define open reading frames, splice site signals that define exon/intron junctions, and the sequences that constitute transcription regulatory signals, is critical in the search for an unk ...
Lecture 2
Lecture 2

... → transports RNA data to the ribosome for protein synthesis ...
Regulation 1. Short term control
Regulation 1. Short term control

... (a) compartmentation: This was not described overtly as a control mechanism, but is implicit in the situation of β-oxidation of fatty acids (degradation) occuring inside the mitochondria and synthesis occuring in the cytoplasm. In this way, if one pathway is turned on, there is no competition from t ...
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Transcriptional regulation

In molecular biology and genetics, transcriptional regulation is the means by which a cell regulates the conversion of DNA to RNA (transcription), thereby orchestrating gene activity. A single gene can be regulated in a range of ways, from altering the number of copies of RNA that are transcribed, to the temporal control of when the gene is transcribed. This control allows the cell or organism to respond to a variety of intra- and extracellular signals and thus mount a response. Some examples of this include producing the mRNA that encode enzymes to adapt to a change in a food source, producing the gene products involved in cell cycle specific activities, and producing the gene products responsible for cellular differentiation in higher eukaryotes.The regulation of transcription is a vital process in all living organisms. It is orchestrated by transcription factors and other proteins working in concert to finely tune the amount of RNA being produced through a variety of mechanisms. Prokaryotic organisms and eukaryotic organisms have very different strategies of accomplishing control over transcription, but some important features remain conserved between the two. Most importantly is the idea of combinatorial control, which is that any given gene is likely controlled by a specific combination of factors to control transcription. In a hypothetical example, the factors A and B might regulate a distinct set of genes from the combination of factors A and C. This combinatorial nature extends to complexes of far more than two proteins, and allows a very small subset (less than 10%) of the genome to control the transcriptional program of the entire cell.
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