Induction Synonyms epagōgē, inductio Abstract How induction was
... animal chews by moving the lower jaw; that animal does; the other animal does. If we conclude that all animals chew by moving the lower jaw, the conclusion will be overturned when we discover the Nile crocodile, for it moves the upper jaw. For an example of a reliable induction, Ockham (c. 1287–134 ...
... animal chews by moving the lower jaw; that animal does; the other animal does. If we conclude that all animals chew by moving the lower jaw, the conclusion will be overturned when we discover the Nile crocodile, for it moves the upper jaw. For an example of a reliable induction, Ockham (c. 1287–134 ...
dworkin on external skepticism
... that it is impermissible to terminate the life of people even if their futures will be miserable.8 But he is evidently an internal skeptic about these claims because, in arguing against them, he takes a non-skeptical attitude to a very general moral claim on which he depends to defend his views, nam ...
... that it is impermissible to terminate the life of people even if their futures will be miserable.8 But he is evidently an internal skeptic about these claims because, in arguing against them, he takes a non-skeptical attitude to a very general moral claim on which he depends to defend his views, nam ...
6 S Being and Being Grounded
... without reason.11 While Leibniz seems to think that the principle of sufficient reason, together with the principle of contradiction, holds for all true propositions, he distinguishes the scope of what depends upon it from the scope of what depends upon the principle of contradiction. Thus, in The P ...
... without reason.11 While Leibniz seems to think that the principle of sufficient reason, together with the principle of contradiction, holds for all true propositions, he distinguishes the scope of what depends upon it from the scope of what depends upon the principle of contradiction. Thus, in The P ...
The Role Of Genus And Difference In
... distinct from the essences in concrete particulars and the essences in the intellect. Thus Avicenna has been misled into thinking that the purported essences in themsleves have some quasi-existence common to both extramental and mental objects 18 . In reality, our objector might conclude, only essen ...
... distinct from the essences in concrete particulars and the essences in the intellect. Thus Avicenna has been misled into thinking that the purported essences in themsleves have some quasi-existence common to both extramental and mental objects 18 . In reality, our objector might conclude, only essen ...
The Futility of any Anti-Metaphysical Position
... the audience stiff with uncoordinated and obsolete tunes. The result of such foolery is that at the point where people have lost interest in philosophical matters, “it will no longer make sense to speak of philosophical problems” (Ibid. 59) Of all the logical positivists, Alfred Jules Ayer seems to ...
... the audience stiff with uncoordinated and obsolete tunes. The result of such foolery is that at the point where people have lost interest in philosophical matters, “it will no longer make sense to speak of philosophical problems” (Ibid. 59) Of all the logical positivists, Alfred Jules Ayer seems to ...
The One Fallacy Theory
... To resolve this problem, I introduced a distinction between two senses of "reason" which I came to call reason-I and reason-2. Suppose I am doing math but often fall into fallacious reasonings. Suppose I develop what looks like a proof that p. So this argument appears to put p beyond reasonable-I do ...
... To resolve this problem, I introduced a distinction between two senses of "reason" which I came to call reason-I and reason-2. Suppose I am doing math but often fall into fallacious reasonings. Suppose I develop what looks like a proof that p. So this argument appears to put p beyond reasonable-I do ...
sophisms and insolubles
... The dominant original use of sophisms was educational, and so collections of sophisms started to circulate as teaching aids that were not tied to any particular theoretical approach or school. Possibly the earliest surviving collection is a manuscript written by several hands from the twelfth centur ...
... The dominant original use of sophisms was educational, and so collections of sophisms started to circulate as teaching aids that were not tied to any particular theoretical approach or school. Possibly the earliest surviving collection is a manuscript written by several hands from the twelfth centur ...
Aristotle`s Account of the Virtue of Courage in
... generate a different, but equally good set of virtues. Aristotle’s second step is to narrow the aspect of each virtue by eliminating objects governed by other virtues. Aristotle is concerned to separate the spheres of the virtues in order to avoid overlap among the virtues. He wants his virtues to h ...
... generate a different, but equally good set of virtues. Aristotle’s second step is to narrow the aspect of each virtue by eliminating objects governed by other virtues. Aristotle is concerned to separate the spheres of the virtues in order to avoid overlap among the virtues. He wants his virtues to h ...
Bill - Kyoo Lee
... considered death as a blessing in disguise. “It is one of two things: either the dead are nothing and have no perception of anything, or it is, as we are told, a change and a relocating for the soul from here to another place” (Five Dialogues pg 41). Socrates believed that when he died he would be i ...
... considered death as a blessing in disguise. “It is one of two things: either the dead are nothing and have no perception of anything, or it is, as we are told, a change and a relocating for the soul from here to another place” (Five Dialogues pg 41). Socrates believed that when he died he would be i ...
Irwin`s Routledge Encyclopedia article on Aristotle
... common beliefs, looking for an account that will do them justice as a whole. Among common beliefs Aristotle considers the views of his predecessors (for example, Metaphysics I; On the Soul I; Politics II), because the puzzles raised by their views help us to find better solutions than they found. In ...
... common beliefs, looking for an account that will do them justice as a whole. Among common beliefs Aristotle considers the views of his predecessors (for example, Metaphysics I; On the Soul I; Politics II), because the puzzles raised by their views help us to find better solutions than they found. In ...
Session 1 Rationalism –v
... • …as we shall see! • Hence this course of philosophy will NOT give you final answers to these questions • But rather present it as a series of debates/issues (4 of them) • Covering the foundational aspects of the disputes and some of the main arguments • With an AIM of getting you into reading this ...
... • …as we shall see! • Hence this course of philosophy will NOT give you final answers to these questions • But rather present it as a series of debates/issues (4 of them) • Covering the foundational aspects of the disputes and some of the main arguments • With an AIM of getting you into reading this ...
DERRIDA/CIXOUS, CIXOUS/DERRIDA Prof. Claire Colebrook
... of ‘theory’ with certain French texts. But it might also transform just how we think about the relation between time, bodies and ideas: what if the body of work that we have come to know as ‘theory’ has been structured by a certain relation of sex, seduction and the lure of authorial names? I want t ...
... of ‘theory’ with certain French texts. But it might also transform just how we think about the relation between time, bodies and ideas: what if the body of work that we have come to know as ‘theory’ has been structured by a certain relation of sex, seduction and the lure of authorial names? I want t ...
Kant`s Deconstruction of the Principle of Sufficient Reason
... fiendi), i.e. a reason such that when it is posited, we understand that the world is not undetermined with respect to the predicate but on the contrary, the predicate of ills is posited, and the opposite is excluded. The reason (ground), therefore, determines what is at first indeterminate. And sinc ...
... fiendi), i.e. a reason such that when it is posited, we understand that the world is not undetermined with respect to the predicate but on the contrary, the predicate of ills is posited, and the opposite is excluded. The reason (ground), therefore, determines what is at first indeterminate. And sinc ...
Sameness and Referential Opacity in Aristotle Francis Jeffry
... notions, and then come back to show that my general exposition can be usefully applied to this argument (and also to the second argument for the same conclusion). The first problem with Ross' reconstruction is that it is a valid argument, employing some form of the rule of inference we call "Leibniz ...
... notions, and then come back to show that my general exposition can be usefully applied to this argument (and also to the second argument for the same conclusion). The first problem with Ross' reconstruction is that it is a valid argument, employing some form of the rule of inference we call "Leibniz ...
Did Tarski Commit "Tarski`s Fallacy"?
... consistent. It follows from the completeness theorem (Gddel-Henkin-Maltsev) that 1 has a (Tarskian) model. Q.E.D.5 This proof is short and elegant, yet it does not go far enough. First, Tarski's definition of logical consequence applies to standard higher-order logic as much as to standard first-ord ...
... consistent. It follows from the completeness theorem (Gddel-Henkin-Maltsev) that 1 has a (Tarskian) model. Q.E.D.5 This proof is short and elegant, yet it does not go far enough. First, Tarski's definition of logical consequence applies to standard higher-order logic as much as to standard first-ord ...
Hegel and Institutional Rationality:
... freedom, independence and so individuality, that is not conceived of as some abstract and unreal absence of all dependence, but a kind of dependence by virtue of which genuine or actual independence could be achieved. (His best examples of this are friendship and love10; the intellectual ancestor is ...
... freedom, independence and so individuality, that is not conceived of as some abstract and unreal absence of all dependence, but a kind of dependence by virtue of which genuine or actual independence could be achieved. (His best examples of this are friendship and love10; the intellectual ancestor is ...
NOTES ON LOGIC 1913
... case of its truth and the case of its falsehood. We call this the sense of a proposition. In regard to notation, it is important to note that not every feature of a symbol symbolizes. In two molecular functions which have the same T-F schema, what symbolizes must be the same. In "not-not-p", "not-p, ...
... case of its truth and the case of its falsehood. We call this the sense of a proposition. In regard to notation, it is important to note that not every feature of a symbol symbolizes. In two molecular functions which have the same T-F schema, what symbolizes must be the same. In "not-not-p", "not-p, ...
The4 - Homestead
... and its critical pressure this vision was brought under an increasing degree of philosophic awareness, and vice versa, with as a consequence a profound restructuralization of religious philosophy in this period of time. Along with such a radical revolution in thinking developed new forms of religiou ...
... and its critical pressure this vision was brought under an increasing degree of philosophic awareness, and vice versa, with as a consequence a profound restructuralization of religious philosophy in this period of time. Along with such a radical revolution in thinking developed new forms of religiou ...
How Not to Defend Moral Blame
... Morality is, for Wallace, the system of norms that prescribes how people should behave toward each other in order to make valuable relationships possible, which are the central moral value. According to him, it is part of experiencing resentment and indignation to think that another person behaved i ...
... Morality is, for Wallace, the system of norms that prescribes how people should behave toward each other in order to make valuable relationships possible, which are the central moral value. According to him, it is part of experiencing resentment and indignation to think that another person behaved i ...
Ethical theories Lecture 2, MS008A 1
... Peoples actions should be governed by moral laws that are universal Principles of morality must be based on reason Kantianism explains why an action is right or - Siri Fagernes - HiO it 2005is so. ...
... Peoples actions should be governed by moral laws that are universal Principles of morality must be based on reason Kantianism explains why an action is right or - Siri Fagernes - HiO it 2005is so. ...
What Normative Terms Mean and Why It Matters for Ethical Theory.
... open. Unless I am in a position to do so, my using ‘must’ is dispreferred. By using ‘should’ I can propose that you help your mother while leaving open the possibility that the value of family might be outweighed or defeated in some way. If you accept my ‘should’ claim, we can plan accordingly with ...
... open. Unless I am in a position to do so, my using ‘must’ is dispreferred. By using ‘should’ I can propose that you help your mother while leaving open the possibility that the value of family might be outweighed or defeated in some way. If you accept my ‘should’ claim, we can plan accordingly with ...
An Aristotelian View of Marx`s Method Nathaniel Cline William
... “[t]he speculative philosophy of Aristotle simply means the direction of thought on all kinds of objects, thus transforming these into thoughts; hence, in being thoughts, they exist in truth. The meaning of this is not, however, that natural objects have thus themselves the power of thinking, but as ...
... “[t]he speculative philosophy of Aristotle simply means the direction of thought on all kinds of objects, thus transforming these into thoughts; hence, in being thoughts, they exist in truth. The meaning of this is not, however, that natural objects have thus themselves the power of thinking, but as ...
Sophism and Moral Agnosticism, or, How to Tell a Relativist from a
... implied in the very questions which form the title of MacIntyre’s text (Whose Justice, Which Rationality?) as well as its key contentions. Now, the most constructive aspect of MacIntyre’s argument has shown that within a given tradition, there can be internal debate. If at some point the tradition ...
... implied in the very questions which form the title of MacIntyre’s text (Whose Justice, Which Rationality?) as well as its key contentions. Now, the most constructive aspect of MacIntyre’s argument has shown that within a given tradition, there can be internal debate. If at some point the tradition ...
Sophism and Moral Agnosticism, or How to Tell A Relativist from A
... committed to the standards of rational justification integral to the very practice of philosophical inquiry. 4 I will propose that this same understanding and commitment were displayed by Socrates, in his stand against the popular sophistical relativism of his own time. I maintain there is a distinc ...
... committed to the standards of rational justification integral to the very practice of philosophical inquiry. 4 I will propose that this same understanding and commitment were displayed by Socrates, in his stand against the popular sophistical relativism of his own time. I maintain there is a distinc ...
Socrates` Question
... fortune and would be to the greatest possible extent luck-free. 3 This has been, in different forms, an aim of later thought as well. The idea that one must think, at this very general level, about a whole life may seem less compelling to some of us than it did to Socrates. But his question still do ...
... fortune and would be to the greatest possible extent luck-free. 3 This has been, in different forms, an aim of later thought as well. The idea that one must think, at this very general level, about a whole life may seem less compelling to some of us than it did to Socrates. But his question still do ...
Stoicism
Stoicism is a school of Hellenistic philosophy founded in Athens by Zeno of Citium in the early 3rd century BC. The Stoics taught that destructive emotions resulted from errors in judgment, and the active relationship between cosmic determinism and human freedom, and the belief that it is virtuous to maintain a will (called prohairesis) that is in accord with nature. Because of this, the Stoics presented their philosophy as a way of life, and they thought that the best indication of an individual's philosophy was not what a person said but how that person behaved.Later Stoics—such as Seneca and Epictetus—emphasized that, because ""virtue is sufficient for happiness"", a sage was immune to misfortune. This belief is similar to the meaning of the phrase ""stoic calm"", though the phrase does not include the ""radical ethical"" Stoic views that only a sage can be considered truly free, and that all moral corruptions are equally vicious.From its founding, Stoic doctrine was popular with a following in Roman Greece and throughout the Roman Empire — including the Emperor Marcus Aurelius — until the closing of all pagan philosophy schools in 529 AD by order of the Emperor Justinian I, who perceived them as being at odds with Christian faith. Neostoicism was a syncretic philosophical movement, joining Stoicism and Christianity, influenced by Justus Lipsius.