A Philosophical Conception of Propositional Modal Logic
... (b) ‘p’ has the same meaning in both w1 and w2 , but what it means is true in w1 and false in w2 For all that the models tell us, it might well be that sentences such as ‘3¬p’ are true in virtue of circumstances such as (a). Yet this is something that ought to be ruled out. It is no good to argue th ...
... (b) ‘p’ has the same meaning in both w1 and w2 , but what it means is true in w1 and false in w2 For all that the models tell us, it might well be that sentences such as ‘3¬p’ are true in virtue of circumstances such as (a). Yet this is something that ought to be ruled out. It is no good to argue th ...
The Paradox of Environmental Ethics.
... radicalizes the environmental ethical question itself. Nietzsche’s philosophy gravitates around the tension between two aspects of today’s life that are equally fundamental, but that seem to contradict each other. On the one hand, we feel the need for a commonly accepted criterion to determine wheth ...
... radicalizes the environmental ethical question itself. Nietzsche’s philosophy gravitates around the tension between two aspects of today’s life that are equally fundamental, but that seem to contradict each other. On the one hand, we feel the need for a commonly accepted criterion to determine wheth ...
Science and Spirituality - Spiritual Heritage Education Network Inc.
... and the scarcity of knowledgeable people who can serve as guides. However, pursuing the analysis based on our new experience, we suddenly see some light for the resolution of our dilemma because of the conviction that if Hindu philosophy has an intrinsic universal appeal, as it professes to have, th ...
... and the scarcity of knowledgeable people who can serve as guides. However, pursuing the analysis based on our new experience, we suddenly see some light for the resolution of our dilemma because of the conviction that if Hindu philosophy has an intrinsic universal appeal, as it professes to have, th ...
Between Probability and Certainty
... proposition has a 99.9999% chance of being true. How much more justification could one want? If I’m not justified in believing that my ticket won’t win, then surely none of us are justified in believing much at all. Here is a case, then, in which a justified, true belief fails to qualify as knowledg ...
... proposition has a 99.9999% chance of being true. How much more justification could one want? If I’m not justified in believing that my ticket won’t win, then surely none of us are justified in believing much at all. Here is a case, then, in which a justified, true belief fails to qualify as knowledg ...
Introduction
... instead of ‘baggage’ inside a noisy airport, or claim to have seen Woody Allen when in fact we had seen Mike. Yet this is not an issue that Pascal is interested in as such. His focus is moral and apologetic, not epistemological. As Richard Rorty would possibly put it, it is relevance, not rigour, wh ...
... instead of ‘baggage’ inside a noisy airport, or claim to have seen Woody Allen when in fact we had seen Mike. Yet this is not an issue that Pascal is interested in as such. His focus is moral and apologetic, not epistemological. As Richard Rorty would possibly put it, it is relevance, not rigour, wh ...
Reductionism in Ethics (for IEE, second submission)
... Many philosophers have been persuaded that naturalistic definitions of the moral do leave something out, and so that analytic reductionism is untenable. But some such philosophers have endorsed in its place not some form of non-naturalism (with Moore), non-cognitivism (with Hare), or nihilism, but o ...
... Many philosophers have been persuaded that naturalistic definitions of the moral do leave something out, and so that analytic reductionism is untenable. But some such philosophers have endorsed in its place not some form of non-naturalism (with Moore), non-cognitivism (with Hare), or nihilism, but o ...
Autonomy of the Other: on Kant, Levinas, and Universality
... According to Kant, only such a being, a rational being capable of moral autonomy, can be the ultimate object of moral obligation. Rationality as autonomy is not only a descriptive characteristic of a person, but is also what gives a person value. A rational being is an end-in-itself and not a mere m ...
... According to Kant, only such a being, a rational being capable of moral autonomy, can be the ultimate object of moral obligation. Rationality as autonomy is not only a descriptive characteristic of a person, but is also what gives a person value. A rational being is an end-in-itself and not a mere m ...
MODELS OF POSSIBILISM AND TRIVIALISM
... XIX century to XX century, logic was thought of as having a special and secure status. Mortensen’s arguments for “weakening the necessitarian intuitions and strengthening the possibilist intuitions” are mainly epistemological and model-theoretic. Let me focus on the model theoretic side. Contemporar ...
... XIX century to XX century, logic was thought of as having a special and secure status. Mortensen’s arguments for “weakening the necessitarian intuitions and strengthening the possibilist intuitions” are mainly epistemological and model-theoretic. Let me focus on the model theoretic side. Contemporar ...
william wordsworth and idealism - Bangladesh Research Publications
... The above extract from the poem ‘Immortality Ode’ expressing the poet’s yearning to reach world of the true ideas. He wants to be united with that world but he wants to do so through the events of nature_ he will join the ecstasy of the ‘bird’s song’ and feel the ‘gladness of May’ via his thought. T ...
... The above extract from the poem ‘Immortality Ode’ expressing the poet’s yearning to reach world of the true ideas. He wants to be united with that world but he wants to do so through the events of nature_ he will join the ecstasy of the ‘bird’s song’ and feel the ‘gladness of May’ via his thought. T ...
Groundwork for the Metaphysic of Morals
... enemy of virtue, merely a cool observer who can distinguish •even the most intense wish for the good from •actual good, to wonder sometimes whether true virtue is to be met with anywhere in the world; especially as one gets older and one’s ...
... enemy of virtue, merely a cool observer who can distinguish •even the most intense wish for the good from •actual good, to wonder sometimes whether true virtue is to be met with anywhere in the world; especially as one gets older and one’s ...
Does Changing the Subject From A to B Really
... concepts, such as the concept of good, is graspable by intellectual intuition. Moore is no mystic. Intuition is simply the cognitive means we all possess for knowing what an indefinable concept means without being able to say what it means. Moore’s take on the role of intuition is the logical opposi ...
... concepts, such as the concept of good, is graspable by intellectual intuition. Moore is no mystic. Intuition is simply the cognitive means we all possess for knowing what an indefinable concept means without being able to say what it means. Moore’s take on the role of intuition is the logical opposi ...
The Coleridge Circle: Virtue Ethics, Sympathy, and Outrage
... agent. Such ethicists frequently note that we face the existential crunch of decision-making from time to time only, but how we lead our daily lives and what kind of human beings we become are questions always with us. Our virtues are deepseated predispositions that manifest themselves everyday over ...
... agent. Such ethicists frequently note that we face the existential crunch of decision-making from time to time only, but how we lead our daily lives and what kind of human beings we become are questions always with us. Our virtues are deepseated predispositions that manifest themselves everyday over ...
abstracts
... and the moral psychology on which it is based. Qua affected we are at the mercy of external causes, yet qua rational we seek truth and knowledge as our highest good. Can Spinoza’s theory overcome these tensions and the dualisms he is fighting and if so, at what price? ...
... and the moral psychology on which it is based. Qua affected we are at the mercy of external causes, yet qua rational we seek truth and knowledge as our highest good. Can Spinoza’s theory overcome these tensions and the dualisms he is fighting and if so, at what price? ...
comptes rendus 7_2_
... conversation is that both interlocutors are asked to spell out some implications of their evolutionary insights for ethical inquiries (150-2 & 175-6). These elements being noted, it ...
... conversation is that both interlocutors are asked to spell out some implications of their evolutionary insights for ethical inquiries (150-2 & 175-6). These elements being noted, it ...
Peter Winch: Philosophy as the Art of Disagreement
... criticism was deepened in the later work of Wittgenstein, in which the traditional view of the relation between thought and action is reversed, or rather, dissolved.12 Wittgenstein argued that the relation between our thoughts and their objects is mediated by our actions; or better, my actions are c ...
... criticism was deepened in the later work of Wittgenstein, in which the traditional view of the relation between thought and action is reversed, or rather, dissolved.12 Wittgenstein argued that the relation between our thoughts and their objects is mediated by our actions; or better, my actions are c ...
The Philosopher and the Sage: Plato and Lao
... Good is the ultimate source of all goodness, truth, knowledge, and being, although it is itself called “beyond being” and so is not itself a being at all (508e-509b). Socrates then incorporates the sun image into the subsequent image of the cave and makes it the ultimate end of the philosophical jo ...
... Good is the ultimate source of all goodness, truth, knowledge, and being, although it is itself called “beyond being” and so is not itself a being at all (508e-509b). Socrates then incorporates the sun image into the subsequent image of the cave and makes it the ultimate end of the philosophical jo ...
HISTORY OF LOGICAL CONSEQUENCE 1. Introduction
... Aristotle and the Stoics dealt with arguments with two or more premises. Without further investigation of historical details, this can be interpreted in two ways: (1) any argument with fewer than two premises is invalid, or (2) arguments cannot have fewer than two premises. On the first interpretati ...
... Aristotle and the Stoics dealt with arguments with two or more premises. Without further investigation of historical details, this can be interpreted in two ways: (1) any argument with fewer than two premises is invalid, or (2) arguments cannot have fewer than two premises. On the first interpretati ...
draft
... expect it to be easily refutable by means of formal logic. And yet, several prominent philosophers have claimed just that, namely, that quantifier variance is formally incoherent. Their argument — called the “collapse argument” — runs roughly as follows: if you have two existential quantifiers, then ...
... expect it to be easily refutable by means of formal logic. And yet, several prominent philosophers have claimed just that, namely, that quantifier variance is formally incoherent. Their argument — called the “collapse argument” — runs roughly as follows: if you have two existential quantifiers, then ...
nothingness.plato.stanford.edu
... provide data in support of the lunar water. If we were not required to have evidence to back our existential claims, then a theorist who fully explained the phenomena with one set of things could gratuitously add an extra entity, say, Atlantis. We recoil from such add-ons. To prevent the intrusion o ...
... provide data in support of the lunar water. If we were not required to have evidence to back our existential claims, then a theorist who fully explained the phenomena with one set of things could gratuitously add an extra entity, say, Atlantis. We recoil from such add-ons. To prevent the intrusion o ...
Thoreau`s Wild Ethics
... adjacent workshops where academics contest their reconstructions, to find open fields where ethics wears the aspect of virtues and their absence. Here the philosopher or theologian will sketch a vivid portrait of friendship or courage, compassion or greed or villainy. The point is not to seek justif ...
... adjacent workshops where academics contest their reconstructions, to find open fields where ethics wears the aspect of virtues and their absence. Here the philosopher or theologian will sketch a vivid portrait of friendship or courage, compassion or greed or villainy. The point is not to seek justif ...
Kant-The Critique of Practical Reason
... principles that are more difficult to establish than those for pure reason itself. He says that the moral law has no empirical or a posteriori proof. “ The moral law is in fact a law of the causality of free agents and therefore of the possibility of a super-sensible system of nature” i.e. a system ...
... principles that are more difficult to establish than those for pure reason itself. He says that the moral law has no empirical or a posteriori proof. “ The moral law is in fact a law of the causality of free agents and therefore of the possibility of a super-sensible system of nature” i.e. a system ...
File - History of Western Philosophy
... fire; water lives the death of earth, earth that of water. Measures of it kindling and measures of it going out.” – Fire is always eating air and being eaten by it. The world is a fire. – He says that people are either wet or dry. They either help the fire continue (dry) or they try to stop it (wet) ...
... fire; water lives the death of earth, earth that of water. Measures of it kindling and measures of it going out.” – Fire is always eating air and being eaten by it. The world is a fire. – He says that people are either wet or dry. They either help the fire continue (dry) or they try to stop it (wet) ...
Act Naturally - Integral Program
... gods whom they themselves had created. From this there remained these two eternal properties: one, that religion is the only means powerful enough to restrain the fierceness of peoples; and the other, that religions flourish when they are inwardly revered by those who preside over them. (Vico 336) V ...
... gods whom they themselves had created. From this there remained these two eternal properties: one, that religion is the only means powerful enough to restrain the fierceness of peoples; and the other, that religions flourish when they are inwardly revered by those who preside over them. (Vico 336) V ...
HERE - BasicIncome.com
... There is a notion adrift everywhere that imagination, especially mystical imagination, is dangerous to man's mental balance. Poets are commonly spoken of as psychologically unreliable; and generally there is a vague association between wreathing laurels in your hair and sticking straws in it. Facts ...
... There is a notion adrift everywhere that imagination, especially mystical imagination, is dangerous to man's mental balance. Poets are commonly spoken of as psychologically unreliable; and generally there is a vague association between wreathing laurels in your hair and sticking straws in it. Facts ...
Topic 1: introduction to Ethics
... would allow us to regulate right and wrong conduct. At the beginning of the 20th century, philosophers started to question normative ethics and to some extent saw moral standards as culturally determined. instead of asking what is moral, what makes an action moral, or how should I be moral, they dec ...
... would allow us to regulate right and wrong conduct. At the beginning of the 20th century, philosophers started to question normative ethics and to some extent saw moral standards as culturally determined. instead of asking what is moral, what makes an action moral, or how should I be moral, they dec ...
Stoicism
Stoicism is a school of Hellenistic philosophy founded in Athens by Zeno of Citium in the early 3rd century BC. The Stoics taught that destructive emotions resulted from errors in judgment, and the active relationship between cosmic determinism and human freedom, and the belief that it is virtuous to maintain a will (called prohairesis) that is in accord with nature. Because of this, the Stoics presented their philosophy as a way of life, and they thought that the best indication of an individual's philosophy was not what a person said but how that person behaved.Later Stoics—such as Seneca and Epictetus—emphasized that, because ""virtue is sufficient for happiness"", a sage was immune to misfortune. This belief is similar to the meaning of the phrase ""stoic calm"", though the phrase does not include the ""radical ethical"" Stoic views that only a sage can be considered truly free, and that all moral corruptions are equally vicious.From its founding, Stoic doctrine was popular with a following in Roman Greece and throughout the Roman Empire — including the Emperor Marcus Aurelius — until the closing of all pagan philosophy schools in 529 AD by order of the Emperor Justinian I, who perceived them as being at odds with Christian faith. Neostoicism was a syncretic philosophical movement, joining Stoicism and Christianity, influenced by Justus Lipsius.