Synthesis of Benzene Derivatives: Electrophilic Aromatic Substitution
... The initial attack of the electrophile is endothermic because the sp3 carbon generated interrupts the cyclic conjugation. The transition state is not aromatic. The loss of the proton regenerates the sp2 carbon atom and aromaticity is restored. This process is more favored than the nucleophilic trapp ...
... The initial attack of the electrophile is endothermic because the sp3 carbon generated interrupts the cyclic conjugation. The transition state is not aromatic. The loss of the proton regenerates the sp2 carbon atom and aromaticity is restored. This process is more favored than the nucleophilic trapp ...
Preparation of Aldehydes and Ketones
... Water hydrates the carbonyl group. The addition of water to an aldehyde or ketone is catalyzed by either acid or base. The equilibrium reaction forms geminal diols, also called carbonyl hydrates: ...
... Water hydrates the carbonyl group. The addition of water to an aldehyde or ketone is catalyzed by either acid or base. The equilibrium reaction forms geminal diols, also called carbonyl hydrates: ...
Synthesis Gas to Gasoline Production
... ZSM-5 catalyst produces the right kind of shape and size selectivity properties suitable for gasoline synthesis. ...
... ZSM-5 catalyst produces the right kind of shape and size selectivity properties suitable for gasoline synthesis. ...
chemical equilibrium
... pressure of 3.6 atm. The number of mole of N2(g) in the equilibrium mixture is measured to be 1 mol. What is the Kp for the following reaction below? 2NH3(g) N2(g) + 3H2(g) Variation of Kc Expression The value of Kc changes by altering the reaction in different ways. 1. The equilibrium constant fo ...
... pressure of 3.6 atm. The number of mole of N2(g) in the equilibrium mixture is measured to be 1 mol. What is the Kp for the following reaction below? 2NH3(g) N2(g) + 3H2(g) Variation of Kc Expression The value of Kc changes by altering the reaction in different ways. 1. The equilibrium constant fo ...
Titania-catalysed oxidative dehydrogenation of ethyl lactate
... pyruvic acid. Practically, however, the main problem with this approach is there is no efficient catalyst for it. ...
... pyruvic acid. Practically, however, the main problem with this approach is there is no efficient catalyst for it. ...
Syntheses of Variations of Stereogenic-at-Metal Imido Alkylidene Complexes of Molybdenum
... Recent advances in olefin metathesis by molybdenum,1 tungsten,2 and ruthenium3 alkylidene complexes have focused on initiators in which the metal is a stereogenic center. For example, the chemistry of high-oxidation-state molybdenum or tungsten complexes of the type M(NR)(CHR′)(OR″)(Pyr), where Pyr i ...
... Recent advances in olefin metathesis by molybdenum,1 tungsten,2 and ruthenium3 alkylidene complexes have focused on initiators in which the metal is a stereogenic center. For example, the chemistry of high-oxidation-state molybdenum or tungsten complexes of the type M(NR)(CHR′)(OR″)(Pyr), where Pyr i ...
Chapter 8. CARBONYL COMPOUNDS
... Aldehydes and ketones possess very weak acidity and basicity, therefore they cannot form intermolecular hydrogen bonds. Carbonyl compounds are more volatile than the corresponding alcohols. Compare, for example, boiling points of propanal (49 °C), acetone (56 °C), and 1propanol (97 °C). 8.2. NUCLEOP ...
... Aldehydes and ketones possess very weak acidity and basicity, therefore they cannot form intermolecular hydrogen bonds. Carbonyl compounds are more volatile than the corresponding alcohols. Compare, for example, boiling points of propanal (49 °C), acetone (56 °C), and 1propanol (97 °C). 8.2. NUCLEOP ...
Ring-closing metathesis
Ring-closing metathesis, or RCM, is a widely used variation of olefin metathesis in organic chemistry for the synthesis of various unsaturated rings via the intramolecular metathesis of two terminal alkenes, which forms the cycloalkene as the E- or Z- isomers and volatile ethylene.The most commonly synthesized ring sizes are between 5-7 atoms; however, reported syntheses include 45- up to 90- membered macroheterocycles. These reactions are metal-catalyzed and proceed through a metallacyclobutane intermediate. It was first published by Dider Villemin in 1980 describing the synthesis of an Exaltolide precursor, and later become popularized by Robert H. Grubbs and Richard R. Schrock, who shared the Nobel Prize in Chemistry, along with Yves Chauvin, in 2005 for their combined work in olefin metathesis. RCM is a favorite among organic chemists due to its synthetic utility in the formation of rings, which were previously difficult to access efficiently, and broad substrate scope. Since the only major by-product is ethylene, these reactions may also be considered atom economic, an increasingly important concern in the development of green chemistry.There are several reviews published on ring-closing metathesis.