Chemistry XII - Kendriya Vidyalaya IIM,Lucknow
... Rate Of reaction : it is defined as the change in concentration of reactant (or product) in a particular time interval. Unit of rate of reaction is mol L-1 s-1. If time is in minutes, then units is mol L-1 min-1 and so on. R = K ﴾ Conc ﴿n ...
... Rate Of reaction : it is defined as the change in concentration of reactant (or product) in a particular time interval. Unit of rate of reaction is mol L-1 s-1. If time is in minutes, then units is mol L-1 min-1 and so on. R = K ﴾ Conc ﴿n ...
Principles of Drug Action I, Spring 2004
... on the carbon atom adjacent to that carbon bound to Br. In this case there are two such carbons, but the "interior" one will lose a proton faster because it gives the more stable alkene (more substituted), and generates and alkene where the C=C is in conjugation with the aromatic ring!!!! CH3 ...
... on the carbon atom adjacent to that carbon bound to Br. In this case there are two such carbons, but the "interior" one will lose a proton faster because it gives the more stable alkene (more substituted), and generates and alkene where the C=C is in conjugation with the aromatic ring!!!! CH3 ...
Alcohols, Ethers, Aldehydes, and Ketones
... • Reduction of the carbonyl group occurs by formation of a bond to the carbonyl carbon by a hydride, H:- ion accompanied by bonding of a H+ ion to the carbonyl ...
... • Reduction of the carbonyl group occurs by formation of a bond to the carbonyl carbon by a hydride, H:- ion accompanied by bonding of a H+ ion to the carbonyl ...
Organic Chemistry
... Oxidation can be done in several ways. Tollens reagent (Ag+(NH3)2 or Benedict’s solution (Cu2+ tartrate complex). Not synthetically useful due to side reactions. Bromine water oxidizes aldoses (not ketoses) to monocarboxylic acids (Aldonic Acids). Nitric Acid oxidizes aldoses to dicarboxylic acids ( ...
... Oxidation can be done in several ways. Tollens reagent (Ag+(NH3)2 or Benedict’s solution (Cu2+ tartrate complex). Not synthetically useful due to side reactions. Bromine water oxidizes aldoses (not ketoses) to monocarboxylic acids (Aldonic Acids). Nitric Acid oxidizes aldoses to dicarboxylic acids ( ...
Applications of Phosphorus, Sulfur, Silicon and Boron Chemistry:
... Summary of key points A single diastereoisomer of the starting β-hydroxysilane gives a single isomer of the alkene, and the other diastereoisomer will always give the other alkene isomer as product. Thus the elimination step is stereospecific. The synthesis of the β-hydroxysilane is diastereoselect ...
... Summary of key points A single diastereoisomer of the starting β-hydroxysilane gives a single isomer of the alkene, and the other diastereoisomer will always give the other alkene isomer as product. Thus the elimination step is stereospecific. The synthesis of the β-hydroxysilane is diastereoselect ...
and particulate amino acids in the Ems-Dollart estuary
... the ftltrate and frozen to - 20°C. The ftlters and serum botties were pre-combusted for 4.5 hours at 480°C. For the determination of the concentration of amino acid, 2ml samples were freeze-dried in a 10ml glass ampoule (pre-combusted for 4.5 hours at 480°C). After the addition of 0.25 ml double-dis ...
... the ftltrate and frozen to - 20°C. The ftlters and serum botties were pre-combusted for 4.5 hours at 480°C. For the determination of the concentration of amino acid, 2ml samples were freeze-dried in a 10ml glass ampoule (pre-combusted for 4.5 hours at 480°C). After the addition of 0.25 ml double-dis ...
Chapter 17
... The amide group (–NHCOCH3) is a strong activating and directing group because the nitrogen atom with its nonbonding pair of electrons is bonded to the aromatic ring. The amide group is a stronger director than the chlorine atom atom, and substitution occurs mostly at the positions ortho to the amide ...
... The amide group (–NHCOCH3) is a strong activating and directing group because the nitrogen atom with its nonbonding pair of electrons is bonded to the aromatic ring. The amide group is a stronger director than the chlorine atom atom, and substitution occurs mostly at the positions ortho to the amide ...
3.10 aromatic chemistry
... Naming aromatic compounds where another functional group takes priority: ...
... Naming aromatic compounds where another functional group takes priority: ...
Catalytic Nucleophilic Fluorination of Secondary and Tertiary
... groups for subsequent synthetic elaboration are of notable utility. To meet this objective, transition-metal-catalyzed methods for the nucleophilic fluorination of allylic electrophiles, with Pd,[11] Ir,[12] Rh,[13] or Cu[14] complexes as catalysts, have received considerable attention [Eq. (1)]. Th ...
... groups for subsequent synthetic elaboration are of notable utility. To meet this objective, transition-metal-catalyzed methods for the nucleophilic fluorination of allylic electrophiles, with Pd,[11] Ir,[12] Rh,[13] or Cu[14] complexes as catalysts, have received considerable attention [Eq. (1)]. Th ...
Four new mechanisms to learn: SN2 vs E2 and SN1 vs E1
... SN1 and E1 reactions are multistep reactions and also compete with one another. Both of these reactions begin with the same rate-limiting step of carbocation formation from an R-X compound. Carbocations (R+) are very reactive electron deficient carbon intermediates that typically follow one of three ...
... SN1 and E1 reactions are multistep reactions and also compete with one another. Both of these reactions begin with the same rate-limiting step of carbocation formation from an R-X compound. Carbocations (R+) are very reactive electron deficient carbon intermediates that typically follow one of three ...
Presentation
... leaving group. A good leaving group is also a weak base, a conjugate of a strong acid. Converting OH, Cl, OR, NH2 into their conjugate acids, we get H2O, HCl, ROH, NH3. HCl is a strong acid. Cl must be a good leaving group, weak nucleophile. Ans: 2) Cl ...
... leaving group. A good leaving group is also a weak base, a conjugate of a strong acid. Converting OH, Cl, OR, NH2 into their conjugate acids, we get H2O, HCl, ROH, NH3. HCl is a strong acid. Cl must be a good leaving group, weak nucleophile. Ans: 2) Cl ...
74 CHAPTER-IV "LEAD (IV) ACETATE OXIDATIONS"
... low yields and mixture of products this reaction proved to be of little synthetic value. So Bacha and coworkers modified this reaction by using catalytic amounts of Cu (II) acetate which greatly enhanced the rate of decarboxylation and yields of alkenes. 38 This effect of Cu (IT) acetate is attribut ...
... low yields and mixture of products this reaction proved to be of little synthetic value. So Bacha and coworkers modified this reaction by using catalytic amounts of Cu (II) acetate which greatly enhanced the rate of decarboxylation and yields of alkenes. 38 This effect of Cu (IT) acetate is attribut ...
PowerPoint 演示文稿
... Prize in Chemistry (1990). Born in Massachusetts, Corey obtained the Ph.D. at M.I.T. (1951), was on the faculty at the University of Illinois (1951-59) where he became full professor at the early age of 27, and since 1959 he has been professor at Harvard. His research associates (graduate students a ...
... Prize in Chemistry (1990). Born in Massachusetts, Corey obtained the Ph.D. at M.I.T. (1951), was on the faculty at the University of Illinois (1951-59) where he became full professor at the early age of 27, and since 1959 he has been professor at Harvard. His research associates (graduate students a ...
KENYATTA UNIVERSITY INSTITUTE OF OPEN LEARNING SCH
... the presence of a hydrogen atom on the carbonyl group of aldehydes, they are easily oxidised while ketones are oxidised with difficulty. Aldehydes are more reactive towards nucleophilic addition. Physical Properties Aldehydes and ketones have higher boiling points than non-polar compounds of similar ...
... the presence of a hydrogen atom on the carbonyl group of aldehydes, they are easily oxidised while ketones are oxidised with difficulty. Aldehydes are more reactive towards nucleophilic addition. Physical Properties Aldehydes and ketones have higher boiling points than non-polar compounds of similar ...
Transition metal-catalysed hydrogen transfer processes for C C and C N
... of reactions involving hydrogen-transfer processes. In the first part, the development of an efficient method for the synthesis of -hydroxy ketones (aldols) and -amino ketones (Mannich products) from allylic alcohols and aldehydes is described. These reactions use Ru(η5C5Ph5)(CO)2Cl as the catal ...
... of reactions involving hydrogen-transfer processes. In the first part, the development of an efficient method for the synthesis of -hydroxy ketones (aldols) and -amino ketones (Mannich products) from allylic alcohols and aldehydes is described. These reactions use Ru(η5C5Ph5)(CO)2Cl as the catal ...
Alcohols, phenols, thiols and ethers notes
... secondary (2°), or tertiary (3°) depending on the number of alkyl groups attached to the carbon bearing the –OH group. H H CH3 ...
... secondary (2°), or tertiary (3°) depending on the number of alkyl groups attached to the carbon bearing the –OH group. H H CH3 ...
Chapter 13. Alcohols, Diols, and Ethers
... II. Oxidation Oxidation – historical use of the term: (1) oxide (oxyd/oxyde) – the ‘acid’ form of an element; e.g., S + air → oxide of S (acid of sulfur) (2) oxidation or oxidize – to make such an acid, to make the oxide (3) oxygen – Lavoisier: substance in the air that makes acids; “the bringer of ...
... II. Oxidation Oxidation – historical use of the term: (1) oxide (oxyd/oxyde) – the ‘acid’ form of an element; e.g., S + air → oxide of S (acid of sulfur) (2) oxidation or oxidize – to make such an acid, to make the oxide (3) oxygen – Lavoisier: substance in the air that makes acids; “the bringer of ...
Guide_to_Life_in_Orgo_Ib
... you will see that the semester is split up into separate lessons, and the content we will go through in each lesson; there are also preparatory assignments listed for each class – problems you should have completed before attending that class. Also shown are the problems that we will plan to go thro ...
... you will see that the semester is split up into separate lessons, and the content we will go through in each lesson; there are also preparatory assignments listed for each class – problems you should have completed before attending that class. Also shown are the problems that we will plan to go thro ...
Nickel Catalyzed Conversion of Cyclohexanol into Cyclohexylamine
... reaches a plateau for both Ni/Al2 O3 and Ni/C catalysts (Entries 4 to 6 and 10 to 12). Through the comparison between Entry 3 and 7, Entry 8 and 9, the conversion increased from 48% to 71% and 37% to 87%, respectively, indicating that NaOH can improve the catalytic activity of both Ni/Al2 O3 and Ni/ ...
... reaches a plateau for both Ni/Al2 O3 and Ni/C catalysts (Entries 4 to 6 and 10 to 12). Through the comparison between Entry 3 and 7, Entry 8 and 9, the conversion increased from 48% to 71% and 37% to 87%, respectively, indicating that NaOH can improve the catalytic activity of both Ni/Al2 O3 and Ni/ ...
Unit-8-Alcohols-Aldehydes-Ketones
... • Markovnikov’s Rule can be used to predict which of the two products is predicted to be the major product. -The hydrogen from the water in a hydration reaction is added to the double-bonded carbon atom that originally carried the most hydrogen atoms. ...
... • Markovnikov’s Rule can be used to predict which of the two products is predicted to be the major product. -The hydrogen from the water in a hydration reaction is added to the double-bonded carbon atom that originally carried the most hydrogen atoms. ...
Petasis reaction
The Petasis reaction (alternatively called the Petasis borono–Mannich (PBM) reaction) is the chemical reaction of an amine, aldehyde, and vinyl- or aryl-boronic acid to form substituted amines.Reported in 1993 by Nicos Petasis as a practical method towards the synthesis of a geometrically pure antifungal agent, naftifine, the Petasis reaction can be described as a variation of the Mannich reaction. Rather than generating an enolate to form the substituted amine product, in the Petasis reaction, the vinyl group of the organoboronic acid serves as the nucleophile. In comparison to other methods of generating allyl amines, the Petasis reaction tolerates a multifunctional scaffold, with a variety of amines and organoboronic acids as potential starting materials. Additionally, the reaction does not require anhydrous or inert conditions. As a mild, selective synthesis, the Petasis reaction is useful in generating α-amino acids, and is utilized in combinatorial chemistry and drug discovery.