AP Chemistry
... 9) When the concentration of B in the reaction below is doubled, all other factors being held constant, it is found that the rate of the reaction remains unchanged. 2 A(g) + B(g) 2 C(g) The most probable explanation for this observation is that (A) The order of the reaction with respect to substan ...
... 9) When the concentration of B in the reaction below is doubled, all other factors being held constant, it is found that the rate of the reaction remains unchanged. 2 A(g) + B(g) 2 C(g) The most probable explanation for this observation is that (A) The order of the reaction with respect to substan ...
Catalysis in Biodiesel Production by Transesterification
... Scheme 5. A typical mechanism of acid catalyzed transesterification of vegetable oils. The transesterification process in biodiesel production is catalyzed by Bronsted acids like HCl, BF3, H3PO4, H2SO4 and sulphonic acids49,50. Preferably, sulphonic and sulphuric acids are mostly used. These catalys ...
... Scheme 5. A typical mechanism of acid catalyzed transesterification of vegetable oils. The transesterification process in biodiesel production is catalyzed by Bronsted acids like HCl, BF3, H3PO4, H2SO4 and sulphonic acids49,50. Preferably, sulphonic and sulphuric acids are mostly used. These catalys ...
HIGHLIGHTS OF NUCLEOPHILIC SUBSTITUTION REACTIONS
... Primary substrates normally do not follow Sn1 mechanisms because they do not form stable cations. However, a hindered primary substrate can be forced into an Sn1 mechanism if sufficient energy and time are allowed, for example boiling the substrate in a nucleophilic solvent such as ethanol. The nucl ...
... Primary substrates normally do not follow Sn1 mechanisms because they do not form stable cations. However, a hindered primary substrate can be forced into an Sn1 mechanism if sufficient energy and time are allowed, for example boiling the substrate in a nucleophilic solvent such as ethanol. The nucl ...
Chapter 4 – Reactions in Aqueous Solutions
... – To obtain the overall equation, we add the two balanced half-equations, but make sure the number of electrons on both half-equations are equal, so that they cancel out. The overall equation should not contain any electrons. In this case, we multiply the above oxidation half-equation by 5 and obtai ...
... – To obtain the overall equation, we add the two balanced half-equations, but make sure the number of electrons on both half-equations are equal, so that they cancel out. The overall equation should not contain any electrons. In this case, we multiply the above oxidation half-equation by 5 and obtai ...
Chapter 8 Alkenes and Alkynes II: Addition Reactions Alkenes are
... Product with the more stable carbocation intermediate predominates Transition state for the rate determining step (first step) resembles a carbocation and is stabilized by factors which stabilize carbocations ...
... Product with the more stable carbocation intermediate predominates Transition state for the rate determining step (first step) resembles a carbocation and is stabilized by factors which stabilize carbocations ...
Chapter 9 Alcohols, Ethers, and Epoxides
... • The reaction of alcohols with HX (X = Cl, Br, I) is a general method to prepare 1°, 2°, and 3° alkyl halides. ...
... • The reaction of alcohols with HX (X = Cl, Br, I) is a general method to prepare 1°, 2°, and 3° alkyl halides. ...
Organic Chemistry Fifth Edition
... • Identify the product isolated when cyclopentanone reacts with dimethyl amine. ...
... • Identify the product isolated when cyclopentanone reacts with dimethyl amine. ...
Carboxylic Acid Derivatives
... Since esters are, in general, less reactive than more activated carboxylic acid derivatives (like acid chlorides or anhydrides), the reaction of esters with amines, for example, requires higher temperatures and longer reaction times. ...
... Since esters are, in general, less reactive than more activated carboxylic acid derivatives (like acid chlorides or anhydrides), the reaction of esters with amines, for example, requires higher temperatures and longer reaction times. ...
CHEMICAL REACTIVITY AND MECHANISMS, AND SUBSTITUTION REACTIONS 1.
... Substrate: SN2 reactions are fastest for methyl substrates; rates are: CH3 > 1° > 2° >> 3° (this is a steric effect; larger groups interfere with the approaching nucleophile). SN1 reactions are faster for 3° substrates (because the more stable the carbocation, the faster the reaction; this means 3° ...
... Substrate: SN2 reactions are fastest for methyl substrates; rates are: CH3 > 1° > 2° >> 3° (this is a steric effect; larger groups interfere with the approaching nucleophile). SN1 reactions are faster for 3° substrates (because the more stable the carbocation, the faster the reaction; this means 3° ...
Lab 9
... Esters are acid derivatives and contain a carbonyl group; whereas, ethers are water or alcohol derivatives and do not contain a carbonyl group. Alcohols are named by finding the longest carbon chain to which the OH group is bonded and naming the alcohol accordingly. Ethers have two R groups, which m ...
... Esters are acid derivatives and contain a carbonyl group; whereas, ethers are water or alcohol derivatives and do not contain a carbonyl group. Alcohols are named by finding the longest carbon chain to which the OH group is bonded and naming the alcohol accordingly. Ethers have two R groups, which m ...
ppt
... The sulfur atom of sulfides is much more nucleophilic than the oxygen atom of ethers, and will react with alkyl halides to give stable sulfonium salts. H3C ...
... The sulfur atom of sulfides is much more nucleophilic than the oxygen atom of ethers, and will react with alkyl halides to give stable sulfonium salts. H3C ...
Alkenes Key features sp -hybridized carbons, 120 bond angles
... Thus reaction products from electrophilic can be predicted in 2 ways: 1.) Apply the “rich get richer” rule: the C with more H’s gains another H 2.) Figure out which carbocation structure would be more stable…that positivelycharged carbon will then bond to the nucleophile Both ways should lead to the ...
... Thus reaction products from electrophilic can be predicted in 2 ways: 1.) Apply the “rich get richer” rule: the C with more H’s gains another H 2.) Figure out which carbocation structure would be more stable…that positivelycharged carbon will then bond to the nucleophile Both ways should lead to the ...
Stockholm University
... The allylation of imine 4 substrates also starts with palladium-catalyzed formation of the allylboronate 11. In contrast to aldehyde 3, imine 4 is not able to undergo direct electrophilic substitution with 11 (Scheme 7), and therefore the allylation step requires palladium catalysis. The second cata ...
... The allylation of imine 4 substrates also starts with palladium-catalyzed formation of the allylboronate 11. In contrast to aldehyde 3, imine 4 is not able to undergo direct electrophilic substitution with 11 (Scheme 7), and therefore the allylation step requires palladium catalysis. The second cata ...
EXPERIMENT 4 Objectives Principles
... halides in an SN2 reaction. Iodide ion (I-) is an effective nucleophile in SN2 substitution. In acetone solution, other alkyl halides (alkyl chlorides or bromides) can be converted to alkyl iodides easily by this method. Although one might expect such a reaction to be reversible, it can be driven to ...
... halides in an SN2 reaction. Iodide ion (I-) is an effective nucleophile in SN2 substitution. In acetone solution, other alkyl halides (alkyl chlorides or bromides) can be converted to alkyl iodides easily by this method. Although one might expect such a reaction to be reversible, it can be driven to ...
Tin-Catalyzed Esterification and Transesterification Reactions: A
... rate and also the conversion of fatty acid in esterification reactions (Figure 4) [8]. A different behavior was observed in terms of alcohols’ reactivity in reactions catalyzed by SnCl2 . In general, after 1 hour reaction, methyl and ethyl alcohol reacted at the same rate, and the same can be stated ...
... rate and also the conversion of fatty acid in esterification reactions (Figure 4) [8]. A different behavior was observed in terms of alcohols’ reactivity in reactions catalyzed by SnCl2 . In general, after 1 hour reaction, methyl and ethyl alcohol reacted at the same rate, and the same can be stated ...
Chemical Kinetics – Reaction Orders
... 2G of [H2O(l)] – {2G of [H2(g)] + G of [O2(g)]} = 2 (–237.13 kJ/mol) = –474.26 kJ/mol Since G° < 0 for this process, thermodynamics predicts that this reaction will proceed spontaneously. However, when H2(g) and O2(g) are mixed at ordinary room temperature and pressure, no observable quantity of ...
... 2G of [H2O(l)] – {2G of [H2(g)] + G of [O2(g)]} = 2 (–237.13 kJ/mol) = –474.26 kJ/mol Since G° < 0 for this process, thermodynamics predicts that this reaction will proceed spontaneously. However, when H2(g) and O2(g) are mixed at ordinary room temperature and pressure, no observable quantity of ...
New process of low-temperature methanol synthesis from CO/CO2
... mL and a stirrer was used. The stirring speed was carefully checked to eliminate the diffusion resistance between different phases. The standard reaction conditions were: catalyst used, 1.0 g; reaction temperature, 443 K; initial pressure, 3 MPa; alcohol solvent, 20 mL; stirring speed, 1250 r/min; r ...
... mL and a stirrer was used. The stirring speed was carefully checked to eliminate the diffusion resistance between different phases. The standard reaction conditions were: catalyst used, 1.0 g; reaction temperature, 443 K; initial pressure, 3 MPa; alcohol solvent, 20 mL; stirring speed, 1250 r/min; r ...
Chapter 1 Review, pages 72–77
... 37. (a) The compound on the right, benzoic acid, has two polar groups—a carbonyl group and a hydroxyl group—located close together, adding polarity to the molecule, which contributes to its solubility in water. However, the non-polar ring makes benzoic acid less soluble. Consequently, benzoic acid ...
... 37. (a) The compound on the right, benzoic acid, has two polar groups—a carbonyl group and a hydroxyl group—located close together, adding polarity to the molecule, which contributes to its solubility in water. However, the non-polar ring makes benzoic acid less soluble. Consequently, benzoic acid ...
Answers
... 7. Retrosynthesis: Give the structure of the alcohol(s) and the carbonyl compound necessary to make these acetals under acidic conditions. ...
... 7. Retrosynthesis: Give the structure of the alcohol(s) and the carbonyl compound necessary to make these acetals under acidic conditions. ...
I. ALDEHYDES AND KETONES Carbonyl compounds are
... hydrocarbons (just as would be expected for a well-behaved, highly basic carbanion). In the absence of acidic hydrogens, the Grignard reagent can function as a powerful nucleophile, and is most often used in addition reactions involving carbonyl compounds, as shown above. The product of these additi ...
... hydrocarbons (just as would be expected for a well-behaved, highly basic carbanion). In the absence of acidic hydrogens, the Grignard reagent can function as a powerful nucleophile, and is most often used in addition reactions involving carbonyl compounds, as shown above. The product of these additi ...
Organic Chemistry Structures of Organic Compounds
... The overall reaction with Cl2 faster than Br2 If excess halogen, e.g., Cl2, more chlorination ie. CH4 → ...
... The overall reaction with Cl2 faster than Br2 If excess halogen, e.g., Cl2, more chlorination ie. CH4 → ...
Chemistry 250A -- Exam #3 Answer Key -
... set of conditions, and why a mixture favoring the other product is obtained under the second set of conditions. CH3CH2O H ...
... set of conditions, and why a mixture favoring the other product is obtained under the second set of conditions. CH3CH2O H ...
Chapter 2 Kinetics of Chemical Reactions - diss.fu
... The chemical reactions of ions with molecules were intensively studied during the last century. It is assumed that this type of reactions plays an important role in the synthesis of large molecules inside interstellar clouds.30 Furthermore, the understanding of gas discharges and plasma also involve ...
... The chemical reactions of ions with molecules were intensively studied during the last century. It is assumed that this type of reactions plays an important role in the synthesis of large molecules inside interstellar clouds.30 Furthermore, the understanding of gas discharges and plasma also involve ...
Required Resources and Materials
... NB: Write down structures. Also write down explanation about the product (or lack of) Type of reaction: Alcohol oxidation Modelling: (Carbon-black; Hydrogen–white;Oxygen-Red) – model methylpropan-2-ol only but explain reaction ...
... NB: Write down structures. Also write down explanation about the product (or lack of) Type of reaction: Alcohol oxidation Modelling: (Carbon-black; Hydrogen–white;Oxygen-Red) – model methylpropan-2-ol only but explain reaction ...
Ene reaction
The ene reaction (also known as the Alder-ene reaction) is a chemical reaction between an alkene with an allylic hydrogen (the ene) and a compound containing a multiple bond (the enophile), in order to form a new σ-bond with migration of the ene double bond and 1,5 hydrogen shift. The product is a substituted alkene with the double bond shifted to the allylic position.This transformation is a group transfer pericyclic reaction, and therefore, usually requires highly activated substrates and/or high temperatures. Nonetheless, the reaction is compatible with a wide variety of functional groups that can be appended to the ene and enophile moieties. Also,many useful Lewis acid-catalyzed ene reactions have been developed which can afford high yields and selectivities at significantly lower temperatures, making the ene reaction a useful C–C forming tool for the synthesis of complex molecules and natural products.