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Electophilic Aromatic Substituion
... Substituent Effects in Aromatic Rings Substituents can cause a compound to be (much) more or ...
... Substituent Effects in Aromatic Rings Substituents can cause a compound to be (much) more or ...
organic chemistry reaction scheme
... *Note: Lithium aluminium hydride (or Lithium tetrahydridoaluminate(III)), LiAlH4, is one of the few reagents that can reduce an acid to an alcohol; the initial product is an alkoxide which the alcohol is liberated by hydrolysis. The –H ion acts as a nucleophile, and can attack the carbon atom of the ...
... *Note: Lithium aluminium hydride (or Lithium tetrahydridoaluminate(III)), LiAlH4, is one of the few reagents that can reduce an acid to an alcohol; the initial product is an alkoxide which the alcohol is liberated by hydrolysis. The –H ion acts as a nucleophile, and can attack the carbon atom of the ...
INTRODUCTION - Open Access Repository of Indian Theses
... carbonyl compounds using La(NO3)3.6H2O as a catalyst under solventfree conditions A mild and efficient 1, 4-addition of thiols to α, β-unsaturated carbonyl compounds in the presence of La(NO3)3.6H2O under solvent-free conditions at room temperature in excellent yields is described. The 1,4-addition ...
... carbonyl compounds using La(NO3)3.6H2O as a catalyst under solventfree conditions A mild and efficient 1, 4-addition of thiols to α, β-unsaturated carbonyl compounds in the presence of La(NO3)3.6H2O under solvent-free conditions at room temperature in excellent yields is described. The 1,4-addition ...
Topic 8 specification content - A
... I can explain that ethanol is produced industrially by fermentation of glucose, I can give the conditions for this process and I can explain that the ethanol produced industrially by fermentation is separated by fractional distillation and can then be used as a biofuel ...
... I can explain that ethanol is produced industrially by fermentation of glucose, I can give the conditions for this process and I can explain that the ethanol produced industrially by fermentation is separated by fractional distillation and can then be used as a biofuel ...
Organometallic Compounds
... Only reaction with the acetylide anion offers the means of making a new C-C bond and a larger molecule. Problem is that a terminal alkyne is needed. ...
... Only reaction with the acetylide anion offers the means of making a new C-C bond and a larger molecule. Problem is that a terminal alkyne is needed. ...
CHEM1102 2014-J-8 June 2014 • Complete the following table
... How many stereoisomers are there of methylphenidate? Describe the relationships between these isomers. 4 isomers: there are 2 pairs of enantiomers: Each isomer has 1 enantiomer and 2 diastereoisomers Give the products formed when methylphenidate is hydrolysed with 4 M HCl. ...
... How many stereoisomers are there of methylphenidate? Describe the relationships between these isomers. 4 isomers: there are 2 pairs of enantiomers: Each isomer has 1 enantiomer and 2 diastereoisomers Give the products formed when methylphenidate is hydrolysed with 4 M HCl. ...
File - the prayas tutorial
... Ans. In aq. solution, KOH is almost completely ionised to give OH – ions which being a strong nucleophile brings about a substitution reaction to form alcohols. Further in aq. solution, OH– ions are highly solvated (hydrated). This solution reduces the basic character of OH– ions which fail to abstr ...
... Ans. In aq. solution, KOH is almost completely ionised to give OH – ions which being a strong nucleophile brings about a substitution reaction to form alcohols. Further in aq. solution, OH– ions are highly solvated (hydrated). This solution reduces the basic character of OH– ions which fail to abstr ...
Slide 1 - Catalysis Eprints database
... 1. HCo(CO)3(P n-Bu3) is less active for hydroformylation than HCo(CO)4, but more active for subsequent hydrogenation of the aldehyde. 2. Both hydroformylation and hydrogenation of the aldehyde are catalyzed by the same catalyst. 3. Phosphorus ligand substituted derivatives are more stable than their ...
... 1. HCo(CO)3(P n-Bu3) is less active for hydroformylation than HCo(CO)4, but more active for subsequent hydrogenation of the aldehyde. 2. Both hydroformylation and hydrogenation of the aldehyde are catalyzed by the same catalyst. 3. Phosphorus ligand substituted derivatives are more stable than their ...
Synthesis of monoselenanedisulfanediphosphonate by the reaction
... the amount of which is in proportion to the amount of selenite ions, was again titrated with thiosulfate. Selenium was also determined iodometrically in another way. A sample was oxidized by bromine to selenous acid, which has been determined by the reaction (8). The sample was dissolved in a mixtur ...
... the amount of which is in proportion to the amount of selenite ions, was again titrated with thiosulfate. Selenium was also determined iodometrically in another way. A sample was oxidized by bromine to selenous acid, which has been determined by the reaction (8). The sample was dissolved in a mixtur ...
Alcohols
... Reduction of Carbonyl • Reduction of aldehyde yields 1º alcohol. • Reduction of ketone yields 2º alcohol. • Reagents: Sodium borohydride, NaBH4 Lithium aluminum hydride, LiAlH4 Raney nickel ...
... Reduction of Carbonyl • Reduction of aldehyde yields 1º alcohol. • Reduction of ketone yields 2º alcohol. • Reagents: Sodium borohydride, NaBH4 Lithium aluminum hydride, LiAlH4 Raney nickel ...
Chapter 24. Amines
... • We would expect that the more highly substituted alkene product predominates in the E2 reaction of an alkyl halide (Zaitsev's rule) • However, the less highly substituted alkene predominates in the Hofmann elimination due to the large size of the trialkylamine leaving group • The base must abstrac ...
... • We would expect that the more highly substituted alkene product predominates in the E2 reaction of an alkyl halide (Zaitsev's rule) • However, the less highly substituted alkene predominates in the Hofmann elimination due to the large size of the trialkylamine leaving group • The base must abstrac ...
Chapter 24. Amines
... • We would expect that the more highly substituted alkene product predominates in the E2 reaction of an alkyl halide (Zaitsev's rule) • However, the less highly substituted alkene predominates in the Hofmann elimination due to the large size of the trialkylamine leaving group • The base must abstrac ...
... • We would expect that the more highly substituted alkene product predominates in the E2 reaction of an alkyl halide (Zaitsev's rule) • However, the less highly substituted alkene predominates in the Hofmann elimination due to the large size of the trialkylamine leaving group • The base must abstrac ...
Chapter 1 Review, pages 72–77
... 37. (a) The compound on the right, benzoic acid, has two polar groups—a carbonyl group and a hydroxyl group—located close together, adding polarity to the molecule, which contributes to its solubility in water. However, the non-polar ring makes benzoic acid less soluble. Consequently, benzoic acid ...
... 37. (a) The compound on the right, benzoic acid, has two polar groups—a carbonyl group and a hydroxyl group—located close together, adding polarity to the molecule, which contributes to its solubility in water. However, the non-polar ring makes benzoic acid less soluble. Consequently, benzoic acid ...
Reactions of Aromatic Compounds
... ¾ sulfonic acid group can be removed by heating in dilute sulfuric acid. ¾ a proton adds to the ring (the electrophile) and loss of sulfur trioxide gives back benzene. SO3H ...
... ¾ sulfonic acid group can be removed by heating in dilute sulfuric acid. ¾ a proton adds to the ring (the electrophile) and loss of sulfur trioxide gives back benzene. SO3H ...
Chlorotrimethylsilane/Sodium Iodide, a
... magnesium iodide,13 or from phenyltrimethylsilane and iodine,14 or from hexamethyldisiloxane/iodine/aluminum powder.6 In each case, the reagent has to be isolated by distillation from the reaction mixture. A comparison of the reported methods showed the phenyltrimethylsilane/iodine reagent to be mos ...
... magnesium iodide,13 or from phenyltrimethylsilane and iodine,14 or from hexamethyldisiloxane/iodine/aluminum powder.6 In each case, the reagent has to be isolated by distillation from the reaction mixture. A comparison of the reported methods showed the phenyltrimethylsilane/iodine reagent to be mos ...
CHEM 203 Topics Discussed on Nov. 20 Principle: protonation of
... Principle: the above reagents rely on the nucleophilic properties of the OH group to achieve conversion of alcohols into alkyl halides Principle: only primary and secondary alcohols are sufficiently nucleophilic to react with the above reagents. The OH group of tertiary alcohols is poorly nucleophil ...
... Principle: the above reagents rely on the nucleophilic properties of the OH group to achieve conversion of alcohols into alkyl halides Principle: only primary and secondary alcohols are sufficiently nucleophilic to react with the above reagents. The OH group of tertiary alcohols is poorly nucleophil ...
Handbook for the Lab Course Organic Chemistry I
... Over the reaction arrow: catalyst, solvents, etc. Under the reaction arrow: experimental conditions (time, temperature, etc.) Give the maximum achievable yield (literature yield) in grams (two decimal places) and percentage (one decimal place) ...
... Over the reaction arrow: catalyst, solvents, etc. Under the reaction arrow: experimental conditions (time, temperature, etc.) Give the maximum achievable yield (literature yield) in grams (two decimal places) and percentage (one decimal place) ...
Chapter 21 The Chemistry of Carboxylic Acid Derivatives
... because one resonance structure separates charge; see the structures in Eq. 21.28, text p. 1014. Because resonance stabilization reduces reactivity, carboxylates are less reactive than esters. The second and major reason that carboxylate salts are less reactive is that they contain no leaving group. ...
... because one resonance structure separates charge; see the structures in Eq. 21.28, text p. 1014. Because resonance stabilization reduces reactivity, carboxylates are less reactive than esters. The second and major reason that carboxylate salts are less reactive is that they contain no leaving group. ...
A New Method for Halodecarboxylation of Acids Using Lead(IV
... and transition state. As one-electron localization energies, the error in neglecting this "core" difference in such calculations is not as likely to cancel for electrophilic and nucleophilic aromatic substitution as in a case such as free-radical addition wherein reactants and transition state have ...
... and transition state. As one-electron localization energies, the error in neglecting this "core" difference in such calculations is not as likely to cancel for electrophilic and nucleophilic aromatic substitution as in a case such as free-radical addition wherein reactants and transition state have ...
catalytic activity of modified silicates: i. dehydration of ethanol
... purpose, wafers of 1 0 m g c m -z were heated for 2 h at 200~ under 10-4Torr in a conventional greaseless pyrex IR cell. After pre-treatment and pyridine adsorption at room temperature, the cell was evacuated for 1 h under 10-4 Torr at several temperatures. The spectra were recorded at room temperat ...
... purpose, wafers of 1 0 m g c m -z were heated for 2 h at 200~ under 10-4Torr in a conventional greaseless pyrex IR cell. After pre-treatment and pyridine adsorption at room temperature, the cell was evacuated for 1 h under 10-4 Torr at several temperatures. The spectra were recorded at room temperat ...
69. A general approach to the enantioselective -oxidation of aldehydes via synergistic catalysis
... ethers, esters, carbamates, and phthalimides can be incorporated without significant impact on yield or selectivity (entries 3, 6, and 10–12). Surprisingly, aldehydes bearing phenyl sulfides do not undergo oxidation at sulfur under these mild conditions or interfere with the inorganic catalyst, allo ...
... ethers, esters, carbamates, and phthalimides can be incorporated without significant impact on yield or selectivity (entries 3, 6, and 10–12). Surprisingly, aldehydes bearing phenyl sulfides do not undergo oxidation at sulfur under these mild conditions or interfere with the inorganic catalyst, allo ...
Synthesis of Four Diastereomeric 3,5-Dialkoxy-2,4
... to 9 and 11, derived from the epoxy alcohols having the opposite stereochemistry about the epoxide (5 and 6), did not react under these conditions, giving back mostly starting materials. However, treatment of the mesylate alcohol 13 (prepared from 5 in four steps and 61% overall yield) with TESCl fo ...
... to 9 and 11, derived from the epoxy alcohols having the opposite stereochemistry about the epoxide (5 and 6), did not react under these conditions, giving back mostly starting materials. However, treatment of the mesylate alcohol 13 (prepared from 5 in four steps and 61% overall yield) with TESCl fo ...
Wolff–Kishner reduction
![](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Wolff-Kishner-reaction_scheme-new.png?width=300)
The Wolff–Kishner reduction is a reaction used in organic chemistry to convert carbonyl functionalities into methylene groups. In the context of complex molecule synthesis, it is most frequently employed to remove a carbonyl group after it has served its synthetic purpose of activating an intermediate in a preceding step. As such, there is no obvious retron for this reaction. Originally reported by Nikolai Kischner in 1911 and Ludwig Wolff in 1912, it has been applied to the total synthesis of scopadulcic acid B, aspidospermidine and dysidiolide.In general, the reaction mechanism first involves the in situ generation of a hydrazone by condensation of hydrazine with the ketone or aldehyde substrate. Sometimes it is however advantageous to use a pre-formed hydrazone as substrate (see modifications). The hydrazone is deprotonated by alkoxide base followed by a concerted, rate-determining step in which a diimide anion is formed. Collapse of this alkyldiimde with loss of N2 leads to formation of an alkylanion which can be protonated by solvent to give the desired product.Because the Wolff–Kishner reduction requires highly basic conditions, it is unsuitable for base-sensitive substrates. However, this method can be superior over the related Clemmensen reduction for acid-sensitive compounds such as pyrroles and for high-molecular weight compounds.