A-level Chemistry Question paper Unit 4 - Further Physical
... (c) State the effect of an increase in temperature on the position of this equilibrium and on the value of Kc for this reaction. Effect on position of equilibrium ....................................................................................... Effect on the value of Kc ....................... ...
... (c) State the effect of an increase in temperature on the position of this equilibrium and on the value of Kc for this reaction. Effect on position of equilibrium ....................................................................................... Effect on the value of Kc ....................... ...
16.18 Summary
... Reaction (section) and comments Acid-catalyzed condensation of alcohols (Sections 15.7 and 16.5) Two molecules of an alcohol condense in the presence of an acid catalyst to yield a dialkyl ether and water. The reaction is limited to the synthesis of symmetrical ethers from primary alcohols. William ...
... Reaction (section) and comments Acid-catalyzed condensation of alcohols (Sections 15.7 and 16.5) Two molecules of an alcohol condense in the presence of an acid catalyst to yield a dialkyl ether and water. The reaction is limited to the synthesis of symmetrical ethers from primary alcohols. William ...
esterification of palmitic acid with methanol in the
... in excess and product water is continuously removed respectively during the reaction. Generally water is eliminated chemically, physically, or by pervaporation [2]. In the present work, the kinetics of the heterogeneous esterification of palmitic acid with methanol is studied in a batch reactor usin ...
... in excess and product water is continuously removed respectively during the reaction. Generally water is eliminated chemically, physically, or by pervaporation [2]. In the present work, the kinetics of the heterogeneous esterification of palmitic acid with methanol is studied in a batch reactor usin ...
無投影片標題 - SKHSBS
... Nomenclature of Carbonyl Compounds Physical Properties of Carbonyl Compounds Preparation of Carbonyl Compounds Reactions of Carbonyl Compounds Uses of Carbonyl Compounds New Way Chemistry for Hong Kong A-Level Book 3B ...
... Nomenclature of Carbonyl Compounds Physical Properties of Carbonyl Compounds Preparation of Carbonyl Compounds Reactions of Carbonyl Compounds Uses of Carbonyl Compounds New Way Chemistry for Hong Kong A-Level Book 3B ...
CHEM 116-Dr. Babb`s Sections Answer Key to Lecture Problem
... Third complex: Co(NH3)4Cl3 + AgNO3 –> Co(NH3)4Cl2+ + AgCl(s); one of the three Cl- is outside the coordination sphere since it acts as any other ion in a precipitation reaction. The best way to designate the chemical formula of the third complex is as [Co(NH3)4Cl2]Cl. Complex IV would yield two mole ...
... Third complex: Co(NH3)4Cl3 + AgNO3 –> Co(NH3)4Cl2+ + AgCl(s); one of the three Cl- is outside the coordination sphere since it acts as any other ion in a precipitation reaction. The best way to designate the chemical formula of the third complex is as [Co(NH3)4Cl2]Cl. Complex IV would yield two mole ...
Alcohols
... Reaction is common in the laboratory and in living organisms • In the laboratory the reaction can be carried out in a single step if a strong acid is used as catalyst • The reactivity of the carboxylic acid is enhanced by first converting it into a carboxylic acid chloride, which then reacts with th ...
... Reaction is common in the laboratory and in living organisms • In the laboratory the reaction can be carried out in a single step if a strong acid is used as catalyst • The reactivity of the carboxylic acid is enhanced by first converting it into a carboxylic acid chloride, which then reacts with th ...
Imbalanced tunneling ready states in alcohol dehydrogenase
... The secondary kinetic isotope effects for the hydride transfer reactions from aliphatic alcohols to two carbocations (NAD+ models) in acetonitrile were determined. The results suggest that the hydride transfer takes place by tunneling and that the rehybridizations of both donor and acceptor carbons l ...
... The secondary kinetic isotope effects for the hydride transfer reactions from aliphatic alcohols to two carbocations (NAD+ models) in acetonitrile were determined. The results suggest that the hydride transfer takes place by tunneling and that the rehybridizations of both donor and acceptor carbons l ...
Alcohols and Phenols
... group, and derive the parent name by replacing the -e ending of the corresponding alkane with -ol Number the chain from the end nearer the hydroxyl group Number substituents according to position on chain, listing the substituents in alphabetical order ...
... group, and derive the parent name by replacing the -e ending of the corresponding alkane with -ol Number the chain from the end nearer the hydroxyl group Number substituents according to position on chain, listing the substituents in alphabetical order ...
© NCERT not to be republished
... shaking till a definite dark colour of iodine persists. Allow the reactants to remain at room temperature for 2-3 minutes. If no iodoform separates, warm the reaction mixture in a water bath at 60°C. Add more drops of potassium iodide–iodine reagent. If colour of iodine disappears continue addition ...
... shaking till a definite dark colour of iodine persists. Allow the reactants to remain at room temperature for 2-3 minutes. If no iodoform separates, warm the reaction mixture in a water bath at 60°C. Add more drops of potassium iodide–iodine reagent. If colour of iodine disappears continue addition ...
([Cu(NH3)4](MnO4)2)
... the atomic level) can be useful for the synthesis of various catalysts [1] at moderate temperatures. One of the possible precursors, tetraamminecopper(2 ) bis(permanganate) ([Cu(NH3 )4 ](MnO4 )2 ; 1), was discovered by Klobb [2]. M¸ller et al. [3] studied its IR spectrum and determined its powder d ...
... the atomic level) can be useful for the synthesis of various catalysts [1] at moderate temperatures. One of the possible precursors, tetraamminecopper(2 ) bis(permanganate) ([Cu(NH3 )4 ](MnO4 )2 ; 1), was discovered by Klobb [2]. M¸ller et al. [3] studied its IR spectrum and determined its powder d ...
examination paper - University of Calgary
... numerical order until the required number have been completed, regardless of whether they are right or wrong. Parts 1 - 6 will be computer graded, and only Parts 7, 8, and 9 are to be answered on the answer pages provided. A periodic table with atomic numbers and atomic weights is appended to the ex ...
... numerical order until the required number have been completed, regardless of whether they are right or wrong. Parts 1 - 6 will be computer graded, and only Parts 7, 8, and 9 are to be answered on the answer pages provided. A periodic table with atomic numbers and atomic weights is appended to the ex ...
The 9-Phenyl-9-fluorenyl Group for Nitrogen Protection in
... most favorable conformation for deprotonation is one in which the α-hydrogen-carbon bond lies in a plane orthogonal to the plane of the carbonyl system, allowing for maximum orbital overlap as the α-carbon rehybridizes from sp3 to sp2. However, the α-proton and the carbonyl group in N-Pf-protected e ...
... most favorable conformation for deprotonation is one in which the α-hydrogen-carbon bond lies in a plane orthogonal to the plane of the carbonyl system, allowing for maximum orbital overlap as the α-carbon rehybridizes from sp3 to sp2. However, the α-proton and the carbonyl group in N-Pf-protected e ...
Elimination Reactions
... over E2, use good nucleophiles that are relatively weak bases. •It is important to keep in mind that although you might choose reaction conditions that will favour one reaction over another, more often than not you will still see traces of the competing reaction. •Before you even consider the possib ...
... over E2, use good nucleophiles that are relatively weak bases. •It is important to keep in mind that although you might choose reaction conditions that will favour one reaction over another, more often than not you will still see traces of the competing reaction. •Before you even consider the possib ...
Elimination Reactions
... Whenever substitution reactions are possible, we must also consider whether or not elimination reactions might occur under the same reaction conditions. In elimination reactions, a “neutral” molecule is ‘eliminated’ from the substrate to form a π bond. The π bond is formed between the two carbon ato ...
... Whenever substitution reactions are possible, we must also consider whether or not elimination reactions might occur under the same reaction conditions. In elimination reactions, a “neutral” molecule is ‘eliminated’ from the substrate to form a π bond. The π bond is formed between the two carbon ato ...
Nucleophilic Substitution and b
... • RO-, an alkoxide ion, is both a strong nucleophile (unless bulky and hindered) and a strong base. Both SN2 (desired) and E2 (undesired side product) can occur. • Choose nucleophile and electrophile carefully. Maximize SN2 and minimize E2 reaction by choosing the R’X to have least substituted carbo ...
... • RO-, an alkoxide ion, is both a strong nucleophile (unless bulky and hindered) and a strong base. Both SN2 (desired) and E2 (undesired side product) can occur. • Choose nucleophile and electrophile carefully. Maximize SN2 and minimize E2 reaction by choosing the R’X to have least substituted carbo ...
RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN Sn1 and E1 REACTIONS
... H Why is the trisubstituted alkene more stable than the other two? The relative stabilities of alkenes is measured by their heat of hydrogenation (much like the relative stabilities of cycloalkanes is measured by their heats of combustion, see ch. 3). The relationship is inverse: the higher the heat ...
... H Why is the trisubstituted alkene more stable than the other two? The relative stabilities of alkenes is measured by their heat of hydrogenation (much like the relative stabilities of cycloalkanes is measured by their heats of combustion, see ch. 3). The relationship is inverse: the higher the heat ...
Process for polymerizing olefins
... pounds. Mixtures of two or more polar compounds may also be used. ...
... pounds. Mixtures of two or more polar compounds may also be used. ...
Acylation of aromatic alcohols and phenols over InCl3
... the Mont. K-10 without InCl3. It may be noted that use of InCl3 as a catalyst has also been reported earlier in a number of other other organic reactions.14–17 Results showing the product yields in the acylation of different aromatic alcohols and phenols with different acyl chlorides over InCl3 (20% ...
... the Mont. K-10 without InCl3. It may be noted that use of InCl3 as a catalyst has also been reported earlier in a number of other other organic reactions.14–17 Results showing the product yields in the acylation of different aromatic alcohols and phenols with different acyl chlorides over InCl3 (20% ...
Preparation of Cyclic Urethanes from Amino Alcohols and Carbon
... viewpoints. Cyclic urethanes are produced from amino alcohols and CO2 even in the absence of catalysts, but, unfortunately, their yields are low [11,16,18]. Desirable high yields can be achieved by employing stoichiometrically consumed dehydration [12,13] or deoxygenation reagents [14,15]. However, ...
... viewpoints. Cyclic urethanes are produced from amino alcohols and CO2 even in the absence of catalysts, but, unfortunately, their yields are low [11,16,18]. Desirable high yields can be achieved by employing stoichiometrically consumed dehydration [12,13] or deoxygenation reagents [14,15]. However, ...
Exam 3 - Napa Valley College
... 12) A grad student wanted to make diphenyl methanol using a Grignard reaction between phenyl magnesium bromide and benzaldehyde. To make sure his yield was good he added twice as much benzaldehyde as Grignard reagent and got a lot of white crystalline product. When he analyzed his product he found t ...
... 12) A grad student wanted to make diphenyl methanol using a Grignard reaction between phenyl magnesium bromide and benzaldehyde. To make sure his yield was good he added twice as much benzaldehyde as Grignard reagent and got a lot of white crystalline product. When he analyzed his product he found t ...
- kunleoloruntegbe.com
... Alchohol addition: Alkanals, but not alkanones, will give addition reactions with alcohols provided all the reagent are dry, and that Hydrochloric acid (HCL) is used to catalyse the reaction. The most common example of this type of addition is ethanol additing to ethanal. dry CH3CHO + 2C2 H5 OH HCl ...
... Alchohol addition: Alkanals, but not alkanones, will give addition reactions with alcohols provided all the reagent are dry, and that Hydrochloric acid (HCL) is used to catalyse the reaction. The most common example of this type of addition is ethanol additing to ethanal. dry CH3CHO + 2C2 H5 OH HCl ...
Catalytic Functionalization of Methyl Group on Silicon: Iridium
... ligands were examined (entries 2−7). The yield was improved to 67% with a 4,7-dimethyl derivative (4,7-Me2-phen, entry 4), while the parent 1,10-phenanthroline (phen) and 5,6-dimethyl derivative (5,6-Me2-phen) gave 4a in low yields (entries 2 and 3). 2,9-Dimethyl-1,10-phenanthroline (2,9-Me2-phen) c ...
... ligands were examined (entries 2−7). The yield was improved to 67% with a 4,7-dimethyl derivative (4,7-Me2-phen, entry 4), while the parent 1,10-phenanthroline (phen) and 5,6-dimethyl derivative (5,6-Me2-phen) gave 4a in low yields (entries 2 and 3). 2,9-Dimethyl-1,10-phenanthroline (2,9-Me2-phen) c ...
Manganese-Catalyzed Carbonylation of Alkyl Iodides
... argon using Schlenk techniques. THF was either distilled or vacuum transferred from sodium benzophenone ketyl, the solvents were stored in Schlenk flasks with Teflon screw caps. Alternatively solvents were stored in a glovebox and tested for moisture with sodium benzophenone ketyl. All anhydrous sol ...
... argon using Schlenk techniques. THF was either distilled or vacuum transferred from sodium benzophenone ketyl, the solvents were stored in Schlenk flasks with Teflon screw caps. Alternatively solvents were stored in a glovebox and tested for moisture with sodium benzophenone ketyl. All anhydrous sol ...
Development of Multi-Component Reactions using Catalytically Generated Allyl Metal Reagents
... definitions are found.3-6 A thorough taxonomy of tandem catalysis has been reviewed by Fogg and co-workers.4 Accordingly, in tandem or domino catalyses, all catalytic species must be present from the outset. When only one catalytic transformation is performed, followed by another stoichiometric tran ...
... definitions are found.3-6 A thorough taxonomy of tandem catalysis has been reviewed by Fogg and co-workers.4 Accordingly, in tandem or domino catalyses, all catalytic species must be present from the outset. When only one catalytic transformation is performed, followed by another stoichiometric tran ...
Wolff–Kishner reduction
The Wolff–Kishner reduction is a reaction used in organic chemistry to convert carbonyl functionalities into methylene groups. In the context of complex molecule synthesis, it is most frequently employed to remove a carbonyl group after it has served its synthetic purpose of activating an intermediate in a preceding step. As such, there is no obvious retron for this reaction. Originally reported by Nikolai Kischner in 1911 and Ludwig Wolff in 1912, it has been applied to the total synthesis of scopadulcic acid B, aspidospermidine and dysidiolide.In general, the reaction mechanism first involves the in situ generation of a hydrazone by condensation of hydrazine with the ketone or aldehyde substrate. Sometimes it is however advantageous to use a pre-formed hydrazone as substrate (see modifications). The hydrazone is deprotonated by alkoxide base followed by a concerted, rate-determining step in which a diimide anion is formed. Collapse of this alkyldiimde with loss of N2 leads to formation of an alkylanion which can be protonated by solvent to give the desired product.Because the Wolff–Kishner reduction requires highly basic conditions, it is unsuitable for base-sensitive substrates. However, this method can be superior over the related Clemmensen reduction for acid-sensitive compounds such as pyrroles and for high-molecular weight compounds.