Alkyl and Aryl Halides
... • The nature of the nucleophile is another factor. • Strong nucleophiles (which usually bear a negative charge) present in high concentrations favor SN2 reactions. • Weak nucleophiles, such as H2O and ROH favor SN1 reactions by decreasing the rate of any competing SN2 reaction. • Let us compare the ...
... • The nature of the nucleophile is another factor. • Strong nucleophiles (which usually bear a negative charge) present in high concentrations favor SN2 reactions. • Weak nucleophiles, such as H2O and ROH favor SN1 reactions by decreasing the rate of any competing SN2 reaction. • Let us compare the ...
Exam 3 - Organic Chemistry at CU Boulder
... stereochemistry if appropriate. If a racemate is formed, show only one enantiomer, and label it “rac”. Assume chiral starting materials are single pure enantiomers (3 pts each) ...
... stereochemistry if appropriate. If a racemate is formed, show only one enantiomer, and label it “rac”. Assume chiral starting materials are single pure enantiomers (3 pts each) ...
Substitution Rxns
... the carbon atom containing the –OH group. It is not true to say that tertiary alcohols can never be oxidized, as they burn readily. However, when this happens the carbon chain is destroyed. ...
... the carbon atom containing the –OH group. It is not true to say that tertiary alcohols can never be oxidized, as they burn readily. However, when this happens the carbon chain is destroyed. ...
Chem 231 Exam #3 Study Guide
... Be able to predict a good versus bad leaving group Know how solvents effect SN1 versus SN2 reactions Know how to name alkenes with (E)-(Z) designations Know overall stability of alkenes Know the mechanism for the dehydrohalogenation of alkyl halides and how to predict whether a reaction will follow ...
... Be able to predict a good versus bad leaving group Know how solvents effect SN1 versus SN2 reactions Know how to name alkenes with (E)-(Z) designations Know overall stability of alkenes Know the mechanism for the dehydrohalogenation of alkyl halides and how to predict whether a reaction will follow ...
Week 11 Problem Set (Solutions)
... This is one of those reactions that you will have to remember based on pattern recognition. We know that one of the OH groups leaves and then the leftover OH is turned into a ketone. The conversion of a diol into a ketone (with the number of carbons intact) is evidence of a Pinacol rearrangement. Th ...
... This is one of those reactions that you will have to remember based on pattern recognition. We know that one of the OH groups leaves and then the leftover OH is turned into a ketone. The conversion of a diol into a ketone (with the number of carbons intact) is evidence of a Pinacol rearrangement. Th ...
Carboxylic Acids
... 4. Draw and name the isomers of C5H8 ( some may not be alkynes) 5. Construct a model of an acetylene lamp that could have been used as a lantern for early automobiles. Explain how your model works to make the light and direct the light down the road. 6. Write the formula equations for each of the fo ...
... 4. Draw and name the isomers of C5H8 ( some may not be alkynes) 5. Construct a model of an acetylene lamp that could have been used as a lantern for early automobiles. Explain how your model works to make the light and direct the light down the road. 6. Write the formula equations for each of the fo ...
Exam 2
... Chern 24 2 (w 2016) exam #2B 1. (10 pts) Circle what is true about Substitution and elimination reactions. ...
... Chern 24 2 (w 2016) exam #2B 1. (10 pts) Circle what is true about Substitution and elimination reactions. ...
10. Alkyl Halides
... Not defined as loss of electrons by an atom as in inorganic chemistry Oxidation is a reaction that results in loss of electron density at carbon (as more electronegative atoms replace hydrogen or carbon) Organic reduction is the opposite of oxidation Results in gain of electron density at ca ...
... Not defined as loss of electrons by an atom as in inorganic chemistry Oxidation is a reaction that results in loss of electron density at carbon (as more electronegative atoms replace hydrogen or carbon) Organic reduction is the opposite of oxidation Results in gain of electron density at ca ...
Chem 231 Exam #1 Study Guide
... Know how to draw (without models) different conformations of ethane and butane (eclipsed, staggered) and predict their energies Know how to draw Newman projections as well as wedge and dash drawings Know how to draw (without models) different conformations of cyclohexane Be able to distinguish betwe ...
... Know how to draw (without models) different conformations of ethane and butane (eclipsed, staggered) and predict their energies Know how to draw Newman projections as well as wedge and dash drawings Know how to draw (without models) different conformations of cyclohexane Be able to distinguish betwe ...
Reactions of Aromatic Compounds
... ¾ Halogens are deactivating toward electrophilic substitution, but are ortho, para-directing! Since halogens are very electronegative, they withdraw electron density from the ring inductively along the sigma bond. But halogens have lone pairs of electrons that can stabilize the sigma complex by ...
... ¾ Halogens are deactivating toward electrophilic substitution, but are ortho, para-directing! Since halogens are very electronegative, they withdraw electron density from the ring inductively along the sigma bond. But halogens have lone pairs of electrons that can stabilize the sigma complex by ...
File - Loreto Science
... in a molecule is replaced by an atom or another group of atoms • A very common example of substitution reactions is the reaction between alkanes and halogens (chlorine/Bromine) in the presence of UV light ...
... in a molecule is replaced by an atom or another group of atoms • A very common example of substitution reactions is the reaction between alkanes and halogens (chlorine/Bromine) in the presence of UV light ...
Section 07 - Section Practice Exam II Solutions
... versus X=H. In the case of X=OMe, the inductive effect (oxygen is electronegative and electron withdrawing) appears to predominate over the resonance effect. This is easily explained by the substituent being meta to the carbocation—if it were oriented ortho or para, then we would expect considerable ...
... versus X=H. In the case of X=OMe, the inductive effect (oxygen is electronegative and electron withdrawing) appears to predominate over the resonance effect. This is easily explained by the substituent being meta to the carbocation—if it were oriented ortho or para, then we would expect considerable ...
Slides
... Syn Addition of Hydrogen: Synthesis of cis- Alkenes è The P-2 catalyst nickel boride results in syn addition of one equivalent of hydrogen to a triple bond è An internal alkyne will yield a cis double bond ...
... Syn Addition of Hydrogen: Synthesis of cis- Alkenes è The P-2 catalyst nickel boride results in syn addition of one equivalent of hydrogen to a triple bond è An internal alkyne will yield a cis double bond ...
Lecture: 2 OCCURRENCE AND STRUCTURE OF
... Commercially sorbitol is manufactured by the hydrogenation of glucose. Mannitol occurs in many terrestrial and marine plants. Potential food applications of polyols include confectionery products, bakery products, deserts, jams and marmalade. ...
... Commercially sorbitol is manufactured by the hydrogenation of glucose. Mannitol occurs in many terrestrial and marine plants. Potential food applications of polyols include confectionery products, bakery products, deserts, jams and marmalade. ...
Alcohols, Ethers and Epoxides Alcohols contain a hydroxy group (OH)
... mixture contains no good nucleophile to react with the intermediate carbocation, so no competing SN1 reaction occurs. • This makes the E1 dehydration of alcohols much more synthetically useful than the E1 dehydrohalogenation of alkyl halides. ...
... mixture contains no good nucleophile to react with the intermediate carbocation, so no competing SN1 reaction occurs. • This makes the E1 dehydration of alcohols much more synthetically useful than the E1 dehydrohalogenation of alkyl halides. ...
Aldehydes and Ketones
... strong nucleophiles (generally, strong nucleophiles have a formal negative charge) under neutral, generally anhydrous conditions, or with weak nucleophiles (those with lone pairs, but no charge) under mild acid catalysis. If you take a good look at the nucleophile and reaction conditions, you’ll be ...
... strong nucleophiles (generally, strong nucleophiles have a formal negative charge) under neutral, generally anhydrous conditions, or with weak nucleophiles (those with lone pairs, but no charge) under mild acid catalysis. If you take a good look at the nucleophile and reaction conditions, you’ll be ...
Chemistry: Selected Topics
... some important types of chemical compounds. In the first part of the course, the general concepts of chemical reaction kinetics are presented with emphasis on the relation between reaction rate and reaction mechanism. The second part of the course deals with the properties of some important types of ...
... some important types of chemical compounds. In the first part of the course, the general concepts of chemical reaction kinetics are presented with emphasis on the relation between reaction rate and reaction mechanism. The second part of the course deals with the properties of some important types of ...
Carbon and its Compounds
... Carbon form covalent bonds. Formation of covalent bond : Covalent bond formation involves sharing of electrons between bonding atoms which may be either same or different. Covalency : The number of electrons contributed by an atom for sharing is known as its covalency. Characteristics of covalent co ...
... Carbon form covalent bonds. Formation of covalent bond : Covalent bond formation involves sharing of electrons between bonding atoms which may be either same or different. Covalency : The number of electrons contributed by an atom for sharing is known as its covalency. Characteristics of covalent co ...
Chapter 20 Amines-part 2
... è Primary and secondary amines undergo N-oxidation, but useful products are not obtained because of side-reactions è Tertiary amines undergo clean N-oxidation ...
... è Primary and secondary amines undergo N-oxidation, but useful products are not obtained because of side-reactions è Tertiary amines undergo clean N-oxidation ...
CH 6
... • Addition of HCl to 2-methylpropene • Regiospecific – one product forms where two are possible • If both ends have similar substitution, then not regiospecific ...
... • Addition of HCl to 2-methylpropene • Regiospecific – one product forms where two are possible • If both ends have similar substitution, then not regiospecific ...
Alcohols - City University of New York
... discussed earlier as reverse of hydration Secondary and tertiary alcohols, carbocations Protonation, establishing of good leaving group. Elimination of water to yield carbocation in rate determining step. ...
... discussed earlier as reverse of hydration Secondary and tertiary alcohols, carbocations Protonation, establishing of good leaving group. Elimination of water to yield carbocation in rate determining step. ...
Group B_reaction of alkynes
... the proton must be stronger than base that is generated. Start with a stronger base than the base that will be formed. NH3 is a weaker acid than terminal alkyne, the conjugate base of NH3 (NH2-) is a stronger base than the carbocation- called acetylide ion- formed when a hydrogen is removed from ...
... the proton must be stronger than base that is generated. Start with a stronger base than the base that will be formed. NH3 is a weaker acid than terminal alkyne, the conjugate base of NH3 (NH2-) is a stronger base than the carbocation- called acetylide ion- formed when a hydrogen is removed from ...
Carbonyl Alpha-Substitution Reactions
... hydrolysis/decarboxylation is applicable to b-keto esters in ...
... hydrolysis/decarboxylation is applicable to b-keto esters in ...
Chapter 13 - WebAssign
... pairs. Draw the base pairs and explain why they are ‘pairs’. 27. Define polymer. Why is nylon 66 called a condensation polymer? 36. Identify each of the following pairs of molecules as constitutional 28. What is the difference between a polyamide and a polypeptide? ...
... pairs. Draw the base pairs and explain why they are ‘pairs’. 27. Define polymer. Why is nylon 66 called a condensation polymer? 36. Identify each of the following pairs of molecules as constitutional 28. What is the difference between a polyamide and a polypeptide? ...
Tiffeneau–Demjanov rearrangement
The Tiffeneau–Demjanov rearrangement (TDR) is the chemical reaction of a 1-aminomethyl-cycloalkanol with nitrous acid to form an enlarged cycloketone.The Tiffeneau–Demjanov ring expansion, Tiffeneau–Demjanov rearrangement, or TDR, provides an easy way to increase amino-substituted cycloalkanes and cycloalkanols in size by one carbon. Ring sizes from cyclopropane through cyclooctane are able to undergo Tiffeneau–Demjanov ring expansion with some degree of success. Yields decrease as initial ring size increases, and the ideal use of TDR is for synthesis of five, six, and seven membered rings. A principal synthetic application of Tiffeneau–Demjanov ring expansion is to bicyclic or polycyclic systems. Several reviews on this reaction have been published.