Improvements & new technologies
... •High conversion rate •Less chemicals are used •Lower consumption of methanol •Glycerine is purer Advantages of homogeneous process: •Biodiesel does not depend on glycerine price •Lower consumption of energy is needed ...
... •High conversion rate •Less chemicals are used •Lower consumption of methanol •Glycerine is purer Advantages of homogeneous process: •Biodiesel does not depend on glycerine price •Lower consumption of energy is needed ...
Intro to organic chemistry (orgo)
... water molecule to one side of a bond and hydrogen atom of same water molecule to other side of bond • Basically, this is the reverse of a condensation reaction • LOOK FOR: a large molecule containing an ester or amide reacting with water to produce to smaller molecules example #1 ...
... water molecule to one side of a bond and hydrogen atom of same water molecule to other side of bond • Basically, this is the reverse of a condensation reaction • LOOK FOR: a large molecule containing an ester or amide reacting with water to produce to smaller molecules example #1 ...
Unit Two : Carbon Compounds
... by special exhaust systems (catalytic converters) or by altering the fuel to air ratio: transition metal catalysts (Platinum and Rhodium) can convert the pollutant gases to harmless gases. reducing the fuel to air ratio improves the efficiency of ...
... by special exhaust systems (catalytic converters) or by altering the fuel to air ratio: transition metal catalysts (Platinum and Rhodium) can convert the pollutant gases to harmless gases. reducing the fuel to air ratio improves the efficiency of ...
HW Ch#5 Alcohols - Seattle Central
... two non-hydrogen groups attached to the carbon bonded to the hydroxyl ...
... two non-hydrogen groups attached to the carbon bonded to the hydroxyl ...
Chapter 17 Aldehydes and Ketones
... gives the carbonyl carbon the smaller number. • The IUPAC retains the common name acetone for 2propanone. ...
... gives the carbonyl carbon the smaller number. • The IUPAC retains the common name acetone for 2propanone. ...
Chapter 4 - The Study of Chemical Reactions
... 3. Problem 17a and b The halonium ion model in Exercise 2 is presumably an intermediate in these reactions. Note that the two carbon atoms of the double bond are not identical. Since the more highly substituted carbon bears more positive charge than the less substituted carbon, attack by the nucleop ...
... 3. Problem 17a and b The halonium ion model in Exercise 2 is presumably an intermediate in these reactions. Note that the two carbon atoms of the double bond are not identical. Since the more highly substituted carbon bears more positive charge than the less substituted carbon, attack by the nucleop ...
All organic compounds contain the element carbon
... measured the rate of each reaction and recorded his data in the table above. What can Tobin conclude about the relationship between the enzyme concentration and the reaction rate in the presence of excess molecules? A. There is an inverse relationship; as the enzyme concentration increases, the re ...
... measured the rate of each reaction and recorded his data in the table above. What can Tobin conclude about the relationship between the enzyme concentration and the reaction rate in the presence of excess molecules? A. There is an inverse relationship; as the enzyme concentration increases, the re ...
Balancing RedOx reactions handout
... 8. Hydrogen is always assigned a +1 oxidation number in compounds, except in metal hydrides (e.g. LiH) where the previous rules apply (Rule 3). In the case of LiH lithium is assigned a +1 charge leaving hydrogen with a -1 charge to neutralize the compound. ...
... 8. Hydrogen is always assigned a +1 oxidation number in compounds, except in metal hydrides (e.g. LiH) where the previous rules apply (Rule 3). In the case of LiH lithium is assigned a +1 charge leaving hydrogen with a -1 charge to neutralize the compound. ...
Chapter 11 Carboxylic Anhydrides, Esters, and Amides
... The functional group of an ester is a carbonyl group bonded to an -OR group. R may be alkyl or aryl. • Both IUPAC and common names of esters are derived from the names of the parent carboxylic acids. • Name the alkyl or aryl group bonded to oxygen first, followed by the name of the acid; replace the ...
... The functional group of an ester is a carbonyl group bonded to an -OR group. R may be alkyl or aryl. • Both IUPAC and common names of esters are derived from the names of the parent carboxylic acids. • Name the alkyl or aryl group bonded to oxygen first, followed by the name of the acid; replace the ...
S3 Chemistry - eduBuzz.org
... all bases that can neutralise an acid. 13. A salt is formed whenever an acid is neutralised. 14. A titration is used to find the unknown concentration of an acid or an alkali. 15. By identifying spectator ions and removing (omitting) them from a reaction equation, you can state what the reacting ion ...
... all bases that can neutralise an acid. 13. A salt is formed whenever an acid is neutralised. 14. A titration is used to find the unknown concentration of an acid or an alkali. 15. By identifying spectator ions and removing (omitting) them from a reaction equation, you can state what the reacting ion ...
Learning Outcomes for Chemical Reactions and
... all bases that can neutralise an acid. 13. A salt is formed whenever an acid is neutralised. 14. A titration is used to find the unknown concentration of an acid or an alkali. 15. By identifying spectator ions and removing (omitting) them from a reaction equation, you can state what the reacting ion ...
... all bases that can neutralise an acid. 13. A salt is formed whenever an acid is neutralised. 14. A titration is used to find the unknown concentration of an acid or an alkali. 15. By identifying spectator ions and removing (omitting) them from a reaction equation, you can state what the reacting ion ...
Name___________________________________ Physical
... 9) How can you drive the water out of a hydrate? By ________________________. _________ _________ 10) Which of the following correctly shows the formula for a hydrate? A) MgSO4 (H2 O)7 B) H2 O C) H2 O2 ...
... 9) How can you drive the water out of a hydrate? By ________________________. _________ _________ 10) Which of the following correctly shows the formula for a hydrate? A) MgSO4 (H2 O)7 B) H2 O C) H2 O2 ...
Derivatives of carboxylic acids - amides, acid anhydrides and nitriles
... which a little sulphuric acid has been added. The pH of the solution is adjusted to about 4 - 5, because this gives the fastest reaction. The reaction happens at room temperature. The solution will contain hydrogen cyanide (from the reaction between the sodium or potassium cyanide and the sulphuric ...
... which a little sulphuric acid has been added. The pH of the solution is adjusted to about 4 - 5, because this gives the fastest reaction. The reaction happens at room temperature. The solution will contain hydrogen cyanide (from the reaction between the sodium or potassium cyanide and the sulphuric ...
Worksheet for Quiz 7 (and Exam 3)
... of C=C help form 2 monomer-connecting bonds in the polymer ; • 4-step reminders for writing a condensed equation: 1a (draw correct monomer structure and related repeating-unit structure with 2 Cs) and 1b (unit-connecting bonds cross the brackets); 2 (put “n” on left & right sides, with n monomers & ...
... of C=C help form 2 monomer-connecting bonds in the polymer ; • 4-step reminders for writing a condensed equation: 1a (draw correct monomer structure and related repeating-unit structure with 2 Cs) and 1b (unit-connecting bonds cross the brackets); 2 (put “n” on left & right sides, with n monomers & ...
Chapter 8 - Alkenes and Alkynes II
... - The addition of a boron atom and a hydrogen atom to a double bond is called hydroboration - Hydroboration-oxidation takes place with syn stereochemistry - After hydroboration, the alkylborane intermediate is oxidized and hydrolyzed to an alcohol and boric acid 8.8 - Hydroboration: Synthesis of Alk ...
... - The addition of a boron atom and a hydrogen atom to a double bond is called hydroboration - Hydroboration-oxidation takes place with syn stereochemistry - After hydroboration, the alkylborane intermediate is oxidized and hydrolyzed to an alcohol and boric acid 8.8 - Hydroboration: Synthesis of Alk ...
chem 464l survival guide
... structures (like those shown for the carbonyls above) for each of the following functional groups. Practice imagining the functional groups in your head (in their appropriate states of protonation) as you say their names, much like you will need to be able to quickly recall the functional group stru ...
... structures (like those shown for the carbonyls above) for each of the following functional groups. Practice imagining the functional groups in your head (in their appropriate states of protonation) as you say their names, much like you will need to be able to quickly recall the functional group stru ...
CH 301 Practice Test Questions
... 5. Vapor obtained by evaporating 0.495 grams of an unknown liquid is collected in a 127 mL flask. At 371 K, the pressure of the vapor in the flask is 754 torr. What is the molar mass in g/mol? 6. What is the density of nitrogen gas at STP? 7. Consider two equal-sized containers, one filled with H2 g ...
... 5. Vapor obtained by evaporating 0.495 grams of an unknown liquid is collected in a 127 mL flask. At 371 K, the pressure of the vapor in the flask is 754 torr. What is the molar mass in g/mol? 6. What is the density of nitrogen gas at STP? 7. Consider two equal-sized containers, one filled with H2 g ...
Chapter 13 Notes
... Three weak acids are acetic, carbonic and citric. These are found in foods such as vinegar, soft drinks, and citrus fruits. The properties of a base are due to the formation of a hydroxide ion (OH-) when dissolved in water. Some bases contain the hydroxide ion before being dissolved in water but amm ...
... Three weak acids are acetic, carbonic and citric. These are found in foods such as vinegar, soft drinks, and citrus fruits. The properties of a base are due to the formation of a hydroxide ion (OH-) when dissolved in water. Some bases contain the hydroxide ion before being dissolved in water but amm ...
File
... b. H2SO4 c. HSO3 d. HSF 5. Which of the following bonds is most negatively charged? a. C-H b. C-S c.C-N d. C-O 6. Based on symmetry which one of these molecules is non-polar? a. H3O+ b. PCl5 c. H2O d. NH3 7. The molecular shape of PH3 would be. a. Trigonal bipyramidal b. Bent c. Linear d. Trigonal p ...
... b. H2SO4 c. HSO3 d. HSF 5. Which of the following bonds is most negatively charged? a. C-H b. C-S c.C-N d. C-O 6. Based on symmetry which one of these molecules is non-polar? a. H3O+ b. PCl5 c. H2O d. NH3 7. The molecular shape of PH3 would be. a. Trigonal bipyramidal b. Bent c. Linear d. Trigonal p ...
Biopolymers
... bonds, substances with many carbon atoms can be arranged in many ways • Isomers are substances with the same number and type of atoms but a different structural arrangement/formula ...
... bonds, substances with many carbon atoms can be arranged in many ways • Isomers are substances with the same number and type of atoms but a different structural arrangement/formula ...
one
... • Step 2 – change one or more coefficients until the equation is balanced. – Start by balancing an element that appears in only one reactant and product. – Once one element is balanced, proceed to balance another, and another, until all elements are balanced. – Balance chemical formulas by placing c ...
... • Step 2 – change one or more coefficients until the equation is balanced. – Start by balancing an element that appears in only one reactant and product. – Once one element is balanced, proceed to balance another, and another, until all elements are balanced. – Balance chemical formulas by placing c ...
Strychnine total synthesis
Strychnine total synthesis in chemistry describes the total synthesis of the complex biomolecule strychnine. The first reported method by the group of Robert Burns Woodward in 1954 is considered a classic in this research field. At the time it formed the natural conclusion to an elaborate process of molecular structure elucidation that started with the isolation of strychnine from the beans of Strychnos ignatii by Pierre Joseph Pelletier and Joseph Bienaimé Caventou in 1818. Major contributors to the entire effort were Sir Robert Robinson with over 250 publications and Hermann Leuchs with another 125 papers in a time span of 40 years. Robinson was awarded the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1947 for his work on alkaloids, strychnine included. The process of chemical identification was completed with publications in 1946 by Robinson and later confirmed by Woodward in 1947. X-ray structures establishing the absolute configuration became available between 1947 and 1951 with publications from J. M. Bijvoet and J.H. Robertson .Woodward published a very brief account on the strychnine synthesis in 1954 (just 3 pages) and a lengthy one (42 pages) in 1963.Many more methods exist and reported by the research groups of Magnus, Overman, Kuehne, Rawal, Bosch, Vollhardt, Mori, Shibasaki, Li, Fukuyama Vanderwal and MacMillan. Synthetic (+)-strychnine is also known. Racemic synthesises were published by Padwa in 2007 and in 2010 by Andrade and by Reissig.In his 1963 publication Woodward quoted Sir Robert Robinson who said for its molecular size it is the most complex substance known.