1 Mole
... Sometimes polyatomic ions break apart in a chemical reaction and sometimes they do not e.x. sulfate appears on both sides of the reaction so SO4 can be treated like one atom: Mg(s) + CuSO4(aq) MgSO4(aq) + Cu(s) e.x. carbonate breaks apart so atoms must be balanced individually: CaCO3(aq) + HCl ...
... Sometimes polyatomic ions break apart in a chemical reaction and sometimes they do not e.x. sulfate appears on both sides of the reaction so SO4 can be treated like one atom: Mg(s) + CuSO4(aq) MgSO4(aq) + Cu(s) e.x. carbonate breaks apart so atoms must be balanced individually: CaCO3(aq) + HCl ...
Chapter 7: Recent advances in enzyme technology
... It should become clear from the later discussion that there may be a substantial advantage to be gained from the use of biphasic systems in many enzyme-catalysed reactions. One major factor must first be addressed; the stability of the enzyme in these systems. A distinction should be drawn between t ...
... It should become clear from the later discussion that there may be a substantial advantage to be gained from the use of biphasic systems in many enzyme-catalysed reactions. One major factor must first be addressed; the stability of the enzyme in these systems. A distinction should be drawn between t ...
the nakuru district sec. schools trial examinations - 2015
... 14 Red-hot iron reacts with steam to give tri-iron tetroxide and hydrogen gas. The reaction is reversible 3Fe(s) + 4H2O(s) Fe304(s) + 4H2(g) (a) Define dynamic equilibrium (1 mark) Although the reaction appears to have stopped by attaining a state of balance, both forward and backward reactions ar ...
... 14 Red-hot iron reacts with steam to give tri-iron tetroxide and hydrogen gas. The reaction is reversible 3Fe(s) + 4H2O(s) Fe304(s) + 4H2(g) (a) Define dynamic equilibrium (1 mark) Although the reaction appears to have stopped by attaining a state of balance, both forward and backward reactions ar ...
Module 3 -- Lesson 4
... alcohol to produce an ester and water. An ester is a compound with a pleasant odor that can be synthesized in the laboratory by reacting an alcohol and an organic acid (chemistry 30S students do this as part of their course at the CLC). Esters account for the distinctive odors of many fruits such as ...
... alcohol to produce an ester and water. An ester is a compound with a pleasant odor that can be synthesized in the laboratory by reacting an alcohol and an organic acid (chemistry 30S students do this as part of their course at the CLC). Esters account for the distinctive odors of many fruits such as ...
chemistry-igcse8
... Condensation and solidification: condensation is when a gas turns back into a liquid. When a gas is cooled, the particles lose energy. They move more and more slowly. When they bump in to each other, they do not have enough energy to bounce away again. They stay close together, and a liquid forms. W ...
... Condensation and solidification: condensation is when a gas turns back into a liquid. When a gas is cooled, the particles lose energy. They move more and more slowly. When they bump in to each other, they do not have enough energy to bounce away again. They stay close together, and a liquid forms. W ...
Writing Net Ionic Equations
... An example of a strong electrolyte undergoing ionization is as follows: HCl (aq) + H2O (l) → H3O+ (aq) + Cl- (aq) This reaction may be abbreviated as: HCl (aq) → H+ (aq) + Cl- (aq) 2. The common strong bases are the soluble hydroxides (those of Group IA elements and Ba2+) and the slightly soluble hy ...
... An example of a strong electrolyte undergoing ionization is as follows: HCl (aq) + H2O (l) → H3O+ (aq) + Cl- (aq) This reaction may be abbreviated as: HCl (aq) → H+ (aq) + Cl- (aq) 2. The common strong bases are the soluble hydroxides (those of Group IA elements and Ba2+) and the slightly soluble hy ...
24.7 Urea Cycle
... The ammonium ion, the end product of amino acid degradation, is toxic if it is allowed to accumulate. The urea cycle converts ammonium ions to urea, which is transported to the kidneys to form urine. ...
... The ammonium ion, the end product of amino acid degradation, is toxic if it is allowed to accumulate. The urea cycle converts ammonium ions to urea, which is transported to the kidneys to form urine. ...
Pauling Scale of Electronegativities for the Various Elements
... All O2_, OH_, and S2_ compounds are insoluble except: Na+, K+, NH2+, Ca2+, Sr2+, and Ba2+. Metal sulfides are the least soluble followed by H2S; hydroxides are only slightly more soluble than sulfides. ...
... All O2_, OH_, and S2_ compounds are insoluble except: Na+, K+, NH2+, Ca2+, Sr2+, and Ba2+. Metal sulfides are the least soluble followed by H2S; hydroxides are only slightly more soluble than sulfides. ...
Copper-Catalyzed Hydroalkylation of Terminal Alkynes
... methods for their synthesis have been developed over the years. Traditional methods, such as dissolving metal reduction of alkynes,1 Schlosser modification of the Wittig reaction,2 or the Julia-Kocienski reaction,3 are still commonly used. Several catalytic methods are also available. In addition to ...
... methods for their synthesis have been developed over the years. Traditional methods, such as dissolving metal reduction of alkynes,1 Schlosser modification of the Wittig reaction,2 or the Julia-Kocienski reaction,3 are still commonly used. Several catalytic methods are also available. In addition to ...
Question paper - Unit A173/02 - Module C7 - Higher tier (PDF
... Emma uses hydrochloric acid with 73.0 g of hydrogen chloride in each 1.0 dm3 of the acid solution. It takes 15.1 cm3 of this hydrochloric acid to neutralise the tablet. Work out the mass of hydrogen chloride in 15.1 cm3 of the hydrochloric acid. Give your answer to the nearest 0.1 g. ...
... Emma uses hydrochloric acid with 73.0 g of hydrogen chloride in each 1.0 dm3 of the acid solution. It takes 15.1 cm3 of this hydrochloric acid to neutralise the tablet. Work out the mass of hydrogen chloride in 15.1 cm3 of the hydrochloric acid. Give your answer to the nearest 0.1 g. ...
Chapter 14
... Halogenation Reactions R-C-OH + X2 ----> R-C-X2 + H2O Oxidation Reactions Carbon atoms are oxidized if they lose H or gain O. Carbon atoms are reduced if they gain H or lose O. 1˚ alcohol ---> aldehyde ---> carboxylic acid 2˚ alcohol ---> ketone 3˚ alcohol ---> No Reaction! Preparation of Alcohols A ...
... Halogenation Reactions R-C-OH + X2 ----> R-C-X2 + H2O Oxidation Reactions Carbon atoms are oxidized if they lose H or gain O. Carbon atoms are reduced if they gain H or lose O. 1˚ alcohol ---> aldehyde ---> carboxylic acid 2˚ alcohol ---> ketone 3˚ alcohol ---> No Reaction! Preparation of Alcohols A ...
Review Packet - Daigneault Chem.is.try
... 1. Compare the parts of an atom based on location, charge and mass: - proton - neutron - electron 2. Define: - isotope - ion - atomic number - mass number - atomic mass unit 3. How many neutrons does U-238 have? 4. Write isotope notation for the particle that contains 17 neutrons and 15 protons. 5. ...
... 1. Compare the parts of an atom based on location, charge and mass: - proton - neutron - electron 2. Define: - isotope - ion - atomic number - mass number - atomic mass unit 3. How many neutrons does U-238 have? 4. Write isotope notation for the particle that contains 17 neutrons and 15 protons. 5. ...
No Slide Title
... Aromatics • Unsaturated cyclic compounds like benzene, which are unusually stable, are said to exhibit aromaticity. • Stability of the double bonds of benzene is due to the fact that the double bonds are not static. That is, the electrons of the double bond can freely move around the ring. This phen ...
... Aromatics • Unsaturated cyclic compounds like benzene, which are unusually stable, are said to exhibit aromaticity. • Stability of the double bonds of benzene is due to the fact that the double bonds are not static. That is, the electrons of the double bond can freely move around the ring. This phen ...
Chpt. 22: Some Families of Organic Compounds
... Naming and Drawing structural formulas of Aldehydes: • Aldehyde functional group (-CHO) must always occur at the end of the carbon chain. • Therefore naming aldehydes is easier as there is no need to use a number to indicate the position of the functional group. • Molecular formula worked out by ch ...
... Naming and Drawing structural formulas of Aldehydes: • Aldehyde functional group (-CHO) must always occur at the end of the carbon chain. • Therefore naming aldehydes is easier as there is no need to use a number to indicate the position of the functional group. • Molecular formula worked out by ch ...
Redox Reactions and Electrochemistry
... Half-reaction method (not the same as method in textbook). 1) Identify species in which the oxidation state of an element is changing. Write the skeleton half-reactions including balancing of the redox atoms if necessary. 2) Identify oxidation state on both sides of equation for elements that have a ...
... Half-reaction method (not the same as method in textbook). 1) Identify species in which the oxidation state of an element is changing. Write the skeleton half-reactions including balancing of the redox atoms if necessary. 2) Identify oxidation state on both sides of equation for elements that have a ...
Chemistry Final Exam Review 2006-2007
... a. Calculate the heat absorbed when 15.0 g of ice melts to liquid. See reference sheet for Hfus b. Calculate the heat released when 75.4 g of vapor condenses into liquid. See reference sheet for Hvap 10. Know how to calculate the heat released or absorbed in a chemical reaction? a) What is the spe ...
... a. Calculate the heat absorbed when 15.0 g of ice melts to liquid. See reference sheet for Hfus b. Calculate the heat released when 75.4 g of vapor condenses into liquid. See reference sheet for Hvap 10. Know how to calculate the heat released or absorbed in a chemical reaction? a) What is the spe ...
Energy of Reactions
... There is potential and kinetic energy Energy can neither be created or destroyed Every compound needs energy to increase temperature or to change from one state of matter to another ...
... There is potential and kinetic energy Energy can neither be created or destroyed Every compound needs energy to increase temperature or to change from one state of matter to another ...
Chem 314 Preorganic Evaluation
... SN2, the two examples we will emphasize at 2o RX centers are carboxylates (SN2 > E2) vs hydroxide and alkoxides (E2 > SN2) and cyanide (SN2 > E2) vs terminal acetylides (E2 > SN2) we will consider neutral solvent molecules such as water, alcohols and acids to be weak nucleophiles (favors SN1 and E1) ...
... SN2, the two examples we will emphasize at 2o RX centers are carboxylates (SN2 > E2) vs hydroxide and alkoxides (E2 > SN2) and cyanide (SN2 > E2) vs terminal acetylides (E2 > SN2) we will consider neutral solvent molecules such as water, alcohols and acids to be weak nucleophiles (favors SN1 and E1) ...
Ch 17 practice assessment w
... package and sealing. Some perishable items can be sensitive to changes in temperature and humidity. If they are to stay fresh for the longest possible time, they need to be kept in a controlled environment. But, how can this be accomplished if they are traveling in a truck through different weather ...
... package and sealing. Some perishable items can be sensitive to changes in temperature and humidity. If they are to stay fresh for the longest possible time, they need to be kept in a controlled environment. But, how can this be accomplished if they are traveling in a truck through different weather ...
X012/12/02
... 1 Check that the answer sheet provided is for Chemistry Higher (Section A). 2 For this section of the examination you must use an HB pencil and, where necessary, an eraser. 3 Check that the answer sheet you have been given has your name, date of birth, SCN (Scottish ...
... 1 Check that the answer sheet provided is for Chemistry Higher (Section A). 2 For this section of the examination you must use an HB pencil and, where necessary, an eraser. 3 Check that the answer sheet you have been given has your name, date of birth, SCN (Scottish ...
Language of chemistry
... Osmosis is the movement of water molecules from a weaker solution to a stronger solution across a selectively permeable membrane. Osmosis is nothing but diffusion. It is the movement of water molecules ...
... Osmosis is the movement of water molecules from a weaker solution to a stronger solution across a selectively permeable membrane. Osmosis is nothing but diffusion. It is the movement of water molecules ...
balancing chemical equations worksheet
... 2. Change the chemical names into their correct symbols and formulae. 3. Include the physical states and 4. finally balance. The following questions relate to these four steps. a. What symbols should we use to describe the physical states? b. Chemists and other scientists always balance chemical equ ...
... 2. Change the chemical names into their correct symbols and formulae. 3. Include the physical states and 4. finally balance. The following questions relate to these four steps. a. What symbols should we use to describe the physical states? b. Chemists and other scientists always balance chemical equ ...
Redox Reactions and Electrochemistry
... Half-reaction method (not the same as method in textbook). 1) Identify species in which the oxidation state of an element is changing. Write the skeleton half-reactions including balancing of the redox atoms if necessary. 2) Identify oxidation state on both sides of equation for elements that have a ...
... Half-reaction method (not the same as method in textbook). 1) Identify species in which the oxidation state of an element is changing. Write the skeleton half-reactions including balancing of the redox atoms if necessary. 2) Identify oxidation state on both sides of equation for elements that have a ...
Exploring Equilibria Name: ANSWER KEY Chem 112 This
... An acid is a compound that ionizes to form H+ ions in water. A base is a compound that ionizes or dissociates to form OH- ions in water. In an acid-base reaction, the acid donates an H+ ion and the base accepts the H+ ion. Strong bases donate OH- ions to water, which accept H+ ions from the acid to ...
... An acid is a compound that ionizes to form H+ ions in water. A base is a compound that ionizes or dissociates to form OH- ions in water. In an acid-base reaction, the acid donates an H+ ion and the base accepts the H+ ion. Strong bases donate OH- ions to water, which accept H+ ions from the acid to ...
Strychnine total synthesis
Strychnine total synthesis in chemistry describes the total synthesis of the complex biomolecule strychnine. The first reported method by the group of Robert Burns Woodward in 1954 is considered a classic in this research field. At the time it formed the natural conclusion to an elaborate process of molecular structure elucidation that started with the isolation of strychnine from the beans of Strychnos ignatii by Pierre Joseph Pelletier and Joseph Bienaimé Caventou in 1818. Major contributors to the entire effort were Sir Robert Robinson with over 250 publications and Hermann Leuchs with another 125 papers in a time span of 40 years. Robinson was awarded the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1947 for his work on alkaloids, strychnine included. The process of chemical identification was completed with publications in 1946 by Robinson and later confirmed by Woodward in 1947. X-ray structures establishing the absolute configuration became available between 1947 and 1951 with publications from J. M. Bijvoet and J.H. Robertson .Woodward published a very brief account on the strychnine synthesis in 1954 (just 3 pages) and a lengthy one (42 pages) in 1963.Many more methods exist and reported by the research groups of Magnus, Overman, Kuehne, Rawal, Bosch, Vollhardt, Mori, Shibasaki, Li, Fukuyama Vanderwal and MacMillan. Synthetic (+)-strychnine is also known. Racemic synthesises were published by Padwa in 2007 and in 2010 by Andrade and by Reissig.In his 1963 publication Woodward quoted Sir Robert Robinson who said for its molecular size it is the most complex substance known.