Chapter 13 Carbohydrates
... • obtained from lactose • an aldohexose with the formula C6H12O6 • important in cell membranes of the brain and nerve cells The sweet taste of honey comes from the monosaccharides D-glucose and D-fructose. ...
... • obtained from lactose • an aldohexose with the formula C6H12O6 • important in cell membranes of the brain and nerve cells The sweet taste of honey comes from the monosaccharides D-glucose and D-fructose. ...
Colorimetric Assay of Alditols in Complex Biological Samples
... Color Reaction. As mentioned before, the Hantzsch reaction involves an aldehyde, an ammonia, and a 1,3dicarbonyl compound as the reactants (Sausins and Duburs, 1988). Thus, formaldehyde produced upon oxidation with periodate anion was reacted with ammonium acetate and acetylacetone; the excess of pe ...
... Color Reaction. As mentioned before, the Hantzsch reaction involves an aldehyde, an ammonia, and a 1,3dicarbonyl compound as the reactants (Sausins and Duburs, 1988). Thus, formaldehyde produced upon oxidation with periodate anion was reacted with ammonium acetate and acetylacetone; the excess of pe ...
Biochemistry Test
... A) Saturated fatty acids have a double bond between carbons, whereas unsaturated fatty acids do not B) Saturated fatty acids have fewer hydrogen atoms than unsaturated fatty acids C) Unsaturated fatty acids have a double bond between carbons, whereas saturated fatty acids do not D) Saturated fatty a ...
... A) Saturated fatty acids have a double bond between carbons, whereas unsaturated fatty acids do not B) Saturated fatty acids have fewer hydrogen atoms than unsaturated fatty acids C) Unsaturated fatty acids have a double bond between carbons, whereas saturated fatty acids do not D) Saturated fatty a ...
Introduction - Bulgarian Chemical Communications
... open-chain upon substitution which is released either by reduced ring bond angles in small rings or by diminishing the number of new gauche interactions because part of these are enforced upon the ring atoms [13]. Prediction of the GDME can be made by estimation of the strains involved [11], the bes ...
... open-chain upon substitution which is released either by reduced ring bond angles in small rings or by diminishing the number of new gauche interactions because part of these are enforced upon the ring atoms [13]. Prediction of the GDME can be made by estimation of the strains involved [11], the bes ...
1 LS 1a Glossary (Lectures 3 and 4) Fall 2014 This glossary is
... Carboxylic Acid: A carboxylic acid functional group (X-COOH) consists of a hydroxyl group (X-OH) attached to a carbonyl (carbon double-bonded to oxygen) (C=O). This functional group is found in all monomeric amino acids and gives amino acids the “acid” part of their name. Carboxylic acids are also f ...
... Carboxylic Acid: A carboxylic acid functional group (X-COOH) consists of a hydroxyl group (X-OH) attached to a carbonyl (carbon double-bonded to oxygen) (C=O). This functional group is found in all monomeric amino acids and gives amino acids the “acid” part of their name. Carboxylic acids are also f ...
ALKENES INTRODUCING
... In this diagram, the line between the two carbon atoms represents a normal bond the pair of shared electrons lies in a molecular orbital on the line between the two nuclei where you would expect them to be. This sort of bond is called a sigma bond. The other pair of electrons is found somewhere in t ...
... In this diagram, the line between the two carbon atoms represents a normal bond the pair of shared electrons lies in a molecular orbital on the line between the two nuclei where you would expect them to be. This sort of bond is called a sigma bond. The other pair of electrons is found somewhere in t ...
iupac nomenclature of organic chemistry
... chain. For example, (CH3)2CHCH3, commonly known as isobutane, is treated as a propane chain with a methyl group bonded to the middle (2) carbon, and given the systematic name 2-methylpropane. However, although the name 2-methylpropane COULD be used, it is easier and more logical to call it simply me ...
... chain. For example, (CH3)2CHCH3, commonly known as isobutane, is treated as a propane chain with a methyl group bonded to the middle (2) carbon, and given the systematic name 2-methylpropane. However, although the name 2-methylpropane COULD be used, it is easier and more logical to call it simply me ...
Chapter 17: Alcohols and Phenols
... 17.2: Properties of alcohols and phenols: Hydrogen bonding: The structure around the oxygen atom of an alcohol or phenol is similar to that in water and is sp3 hybridized Alcohols and phenols have much higher boiling points than similar alkanes and alkyl halides H2 O ...
... 17.2: Properties of alcohols and phenols: Hydrogen bonding: The structure around the oxygen atom of an alcohol or phenol is similar to that in water and is sp3 hybridized Alcohols and phenols have much higher boiling points than similar alkanes and alkyl halides H2 O ...
Nucleophilicity and Basicity Factors in Organic Reactions
... occurs when a vicinal (adjacent) atom carries a non-bonding electron pair. Two common examples of this exception, called the alpha effect, are hydroxide ion (pKa 15.7) compared with hydroperoxide ion (pKa 11.6), and ammonia (pKa 9.3) compared with hydrazine (pKa 8.0). In each of these pairs the weak ...
... occurs when a vicinal (adjacent) atom carries a non-bonding electron pair. Two common examples of this exception, called the alpha effect, are hydroxide ion (pKa 15.7) compared with hydroperoxide ion (pKa 11.6), and ammonia (pKa 9.3) compared with hydrazine (pKa 8.0). In each of these pairs the weak ...
Redox
... Finally, a check shows that the total charge on each side of the equation is the same. ...
... Finally, a check shows that the total charge on each side of the equation is the same. ...
Word Document
... 2. What is the major product seen in the free radical bromination of 2-methylpropane? Explain. 1. The reaction of cyclopentyl bromide with sodium cyanide to give cyclopentyl cyanide proceeds faster if a small amount of NaI is added. Suggest a reasonable mechanism to explain the catalytic function of ...
... 2. What is the major product seen in the free radical bromination of 2-methylpropane? Explain. 1. The reaction of cyclopentyl bromide with sodium cyanide to give cyclopentyl cyanide proceeds faster if a small amount of NaI is added. Suggest a reasonable mechanism to explain the catalytic function of ...
HPLC and LC–MS Studies of the Transesterification Reaction of
... positional isomers at the collection stage, the vials were kept on a bed of ice between collections. When the fraction collection was done, the mobile phase in the collected samples was evaporated overnight to dryness with a SpeedVac Plus Concentrator (Model SC210A) (Holbrook, NY). The dry samples w ...
... positional isomers at the collection stage, the vials were kept on a bed of ice between collections. When the fraction collection was done, the mobile phase in the collected samples was evaporated overnight to dryness with a SpeedVac Plus Concentrator (Model SC210A) (Holbrook, NY). The dry samples w ...
Chapter 1 Structure and Bonding
... 2. Acidic Carboxylic Acid will protonate most basic nucleophiles 3. Formation of Carboxylate anion with strongly basic nucleophilies is irreversible O ...
... 2. Acidic Carboxylic Acid will protonate most basic nucleophiles 3. Formation of Carboxylate anion with strongly basic nucleophilies is irreversible O ...
Enol esters: Versatile substrates in synthesis of fine and specialty
... 2. Asymmetric hydroformylation of enol esters ................................................................................. 6 2.2. AHF/ Wittig tandem process involving enol esters ................................................................. 7 3. Asymmetric epoxidation of (Z)-enol esters ... ...
... 2. Asymmetric hydroformylation of enol esters ................................................................................. 6 2.2. AHF/ Wittig tandem process involving enol esters ................................................................. 7 3. Asymmetric epoxidation of (Z)-enol esters ... ...
CHEMISTRY REVISION GUIDE for CIE IGCSE Coordinated Science
... melting. As the liquid is heated more, the particles gain so much energy that the forces of attraction break completely allowing particles to ‘fly around’ as a gas – this is called boiling. The reverse of the these processes are condensing and freezing. Under specific conditions, some solids can tur ...
... melting. As the liquid is heated more, the particles gain so much energy that the forces of attraction break completely allowing particles to ‘fly around’ as a gas – this is called boiling. The reverse of the these processes are condensing and freezing. Under specific conditions, some solids can tur ...
1 Intro / Review : Chemical Kinetics
... Enduring understanding 4.A: Reaction rates that depend on temperature and other environmental factors are determined by measuring changes in concentrations of reactants or products over time. Essential knowledge 4.A.2: The rate law shows how the rate depends on reactant concentrations. Essential kno ...
... Enduring understanding 4.A: Reaction rates that depend on temperature and other environmental factors are determined by measuring changes in concentrations of reactants or products over time. Essential knowledge 4.A.2: The rate law shows how the rate depends on reactant concentrations. Essential kno ...
1 Discussion questions 22.1 Consult literature sources and list the
... 22.11 The addition of hydrogen halides to alkenes has played a fundamental role in the investigation of organic reaction mechanisms. In one study (M.J. Haugh and D.R. Dalton, J. Amer. Chem. Soc. 97, 5674 (1975)), high pressures of hydrogen chloride (up to 25 atm) and propene (up to 5 atm) were exami ...
... 22.11 The addition of hydrogen halides to alkenes has played a fundamental role in the investigation of organic reaction mechanisms. In one study (M.J. Haugh and D.R. Dalton, J. Amer. Chem. Soc. 97, 5674 (1975)), high pressures of hydrogen chloride (up to 25 atm) and propene (up to 5 atm) were exami ...
ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Alex Science Department
... - Some molecules contain branches (where a hydrogen has been replaced with carbon chains) – The carbon chain is called an ALKYL group - These are represented with an R- in the structural formula - These alkyl groups are named as follows… ...
... - Some molecules contain branches (where a hydrogen has been replaced with carbon chains) – The carbon chain is called an ALKYL group - These are represented with an R- in the structural formula - These alkyl groups are named as follows… ...
Addition Reactions of Carbonyls Part 1
... any hydrogen atoms that are at all acidic – including any hydrogen atom bonded to a more electronegative element! It is not possible to prepare a Grignard reagent in the presence of any good electrophile. (The Grignard reagent is always added to ...
... any hydrogen atoms that are at all acidic – including any hydrogen atom bonded to a more electronegative element! It is not possible to prepare a Grignard reagent in the presence of any good electrophile. (The Grignard reagent is always added to ...
Aldehydes and Ketones
... NAMING ALDEHYDES • ALDEHYDES ARE NAMED BY REPLACING THE FINAL “E” OF THE NAME OF THE ALKANE WITH THE SAME NUMBER OF CARBONS TO “AL”. • BECAUSE IN ALDEHYDES THE CARBONYL GROUP IS ALWAYS ATTACHED TO THE FIRST CARBON, THERE IS NO NEED TO PLACE A 1 IN FRONT OF THE NAME. • IF THERE ARE SUBSTITUENTS PRES ...
... NAMING ALDEHYDES • ALDEHYDES ARE NAMED BY REPLACING THE FINAL “E” OF THE NAME OF THE ALKANE WITH THE SAME NUMBER OF CARBONS TO “AL”. • BECAUSE IN ALDEHYDES THE CARBONYL GROUP IS ALWAYS ATTACHED TO THE FIRST CARBON, THERE IS NO NEED TO PLACE A 1 IN FRONT OF THE NAME. • IF THERE ARE SUBSTITUENTS PRES ...
Haloalkanes and Haloarenes
... configuration of carbon atom under attack inverts in much the same way as an umbrella is turned inside out when caught in a strong wind, while the leaving group is pushed away. This process is called as inversion of configuration. In the transition state, the carbon atom is simultaneously bonded to ...
... configuration of carbon atom under attack inverts in much the same way as an umbrella is turned inside out when caught in a strong wind, while the leaving group is pushed away. This process is called as inversion of configuration. In the transition state, the carbon atom is simultaneously bonded to ...
Year 1 Foundation course, section B2
... substitution is a very important reaction. The example below shows nitration of a benzene and the mechanism is always as shown below. Learn it!! H ...
... substitution is a very important reaction. The example below shows nitration of a benzene and the mechanism is always as shown below. Learn it!! H ...
Strychnine total synthesis
Strychnine total synthesis in chemistry describes the total synthesis of the complex biomolecule strychnine. The first reported method by the group of Robert Burns Woodward in 1954 is considered a classic in this research field. At the time it formed the natural conclusion to an elaborate process of molecular structure elucidation that started with the isolation of strychnine from the beans of Strychnos ignatii by Pierre Joseph Pelletier and Joseph Bienaimé Caventou in 1818. Major contributors to the entire effort were Sir Robert Robinson with over 250 publications and Hermann Leuchs with another 125 papers in a time span of 40 years. Robinson was awarded the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1947 for his work on alkaloids, strychnine included. The process of chemical identification was completed with publications in 1946 by Robinson and later confirmed by Woodward in 1947. X-ray structures establishing the absolute configuration became available between 1947 and 1951 with publications from J. M. Bijvoet and J.H. Robertson .Woodward published a very brief account on the strychnine synthesis in 1954 (just 3 pages) and a lengthy one (42 pages) in 1963.Many more methods exist and reported by the research groups of Magnus, Overman, Kuehne, Rawal, Bosch, Vollhardt, Mori, Shibasaki, Li, Fukuyama Vanderwal and MacMillan. Synthetic (+)-strychnine is also known. Racemic synthesises were published by Padwa in 2007 and in 2010 by Andrade and by Reissig.In his 1963 publication Woodward quoted Sir Robert Robinson who said for its molecular size it is the most complex substance known.