The Gibbs Function of a Chemical Reaction*
... The ice-water equilibrium is a type of phase equilibrium which is established when the molar Gibbs functions of the two phases are equal. At higher temperatures the Gibbs function of ice is higher than that of water and the spontaneous change from higher to lower Gibbs function is associated with th ...
... The ice-water equilibrium is a type of phase equilibrium which is established when the molar Gibbs functions of the two phases are equal. At higher temperatures the Gibbs function of ice is higher than that of water and the spontaneous change from higher to lower Gibbs function is associated with th ...
Mechanism of Autoxidative Degradation of Cellulose
... It is known that lignin is capable of autoxidation and that the reaction is promoted by alkalinity of the solution36. It has been demonstrated that oxygen consumption of groundwood containing paper increases after the mass deacidification treatment37. Since lignin is able to react with oxygen, the o ...
... It is known that lignin is capable of autoxidation and that the reaction is promoted by alkalinity of the solution36. It has been demonstrated that oxygen consumption of groundwood containing paper increases after the mass deacidification treatment37. Since lignin is able to react with oxygen, the o ...
Process for preparing polycarbonates
... vessel under a nitrogen atmosphere. The mixture was then cooled to 130° C. and 30 grams of ?nely divided 60 The reaction conditions of Examples 1 and 2 were magnesium silicate and 60 grams of celite clay were again duplicated except that a mixture of 44 grams (0.5 added to purify the mixture. The mi ...
... vessel under a nitrogen atmosphere. The mixture was then cooled to 130° C. and 30 grams of ?nely divided 60 The reaction conditions of Examples 1 and 2 were magnesium silicate and 60 grams of celite clay were again duplicated except that a mixture of 44 grams (0.5 added to purify the mixture. The mi ...
Energetics Past Paper Questions
... The lattice enthalpy of an ionic compound can be calculated using a Born-Haber cycle. Using lithium fluoride as the example, construct a Born-Haber cycle, labelling the cycle with the formulas and state symbols of the species present at each stage. (6) Two values of the lattice enthalpies for each o ...
... The lattice enthalpy of an ionic compound can be calculated using a Born-Haber cycle. Using lithium fluoride as the example, construct a Born-Haber cycle, labelling the cycle with the formulas and state symbols of the species present at each stage. (6) Two values of the lattice enthalpies for each o ...
Process for polymerizing olefins
... continuously introducing boron tri?uoride and polar com pound into the reaction zone whereby substantial poly merization takes place. It has been found that‘ the boron tri?uoride and polar compound must be introduced con ...
... continuously introducing boron tri?uoride and polar com pound into the reaction zone whereby substantial poly merization takes place. It has been found that‘ the boron tri?uoride and polar compound must be introduced con ...
C–H Bond Functionalization in Complex Organic Synthesis REVIEW
... the use of a Rh2(OAc)4 catalyst, in the presence ring, serves as a versatile intermediate en route of a PhI(OAc)2 oxidant and a MgO base (Fig. to products containing new C–C or C–X bonds 6B). This mild process is regio- and stereo- (Fig. 7). In terms of structural complexity, one of the selective, a ...
... the use of a Rh2(OAc)4 catalyst, in the presence ring, serves as a versatile intermediate en route of a PhI(OAc)2 oxidant and a MgO base (Fig. to products containing new C–C or C–X bonds 6B). This mild process is regio- and stereo- (Fig. 7). In terms of structural complexity, one of the selective, a ...
Rapid and Efficient Functionalized Ionic Liquid-Catalyzed
... 4-phenylbut-3-en-2-one (3a) was isolated in a yield of 28% when only [N2222][EtNHC3SO3] was used as solvent/catalyst; a possible reason for this is the high viscosity of the IL, which slows down the mass transfer in the catalytic system. Hence, we began our investigation by the evaluation of solvent ...
... 4-phenylbut-3-en-2-one (3a) was isolated in a yield of 28% when only [N2222][EtNHC3SO3] was used as solvent/catalyst; a possible reason for this is the high viscosity of the IL, which slows down the mass transfer in the catalytic system. Hence, we began our investigation by the evaluation of solvent ...
Metallic and nonmetallic double perovskites: A case study of A $ _2
... The compounds A2FeMoO6 and A2FeReO6 (A=Ca, Sr, Ba) have attracted recent attention because they may be half-metals with high magnetic transition temperatures and have spin-dependent transport properties which may be useful in magnetic devices [1-3]. These compounds were discovered in the 1960s [4-6 ...
... The compounds A2FeMoO6 and A2FeReO6 (A=Ca, Sr, Ba) have attracted recent attention because they may be half-metals with high magnetic transition temperatures and have spin-dependent transport properties which may be useful in magnetic devices [1-3]. These compounds were discovered in the 1960s [4-6 ...
FULL
... Olefinic protons are absent, which confirms the complete substitution with nitro groups. The two signals, with almost identical chemical shifts, in the 13C NMR spectrum were assigned to the four olefinic carbons. The presence of two signals from the four carbons suggests that the olefinic carbons in ...
... Olefinic protons are absent, which confirms the complete substitution with nitro groups. The two signals, with almost identical chemical shifts, in the 13C NMR spectrum were assigned to the four olefinic carbons. The presence of two signals from the four carbons suggests that the olefinic carbons in ...
Overview of the Reactions of Carbonyl Compounds
... • Friedel–Crafts acylation of an aromatic ring with an acid chloride in the presence of AlCl3 catalyst (see Section 5.6) ...
... • Friedel–Crafts acylation of an aromatic ring with an acid chloride in the presence of AlCl3 catalyst (see Section 5.6) ...
04_Label_Edit_Images
... Because it also has a carboxyl group, glycine is both an amine and a carboxylic acid; compounds with both groups are called amino acids. ...
... Because it also has a carboxyl group, glycine is both an amine and a carboxylic acid; compounds with both groups are called amino acids. ...
1 - Cathedral High School
... Equilibrium can be approached from both directions. For a system in equilibrium the rate of the forward reaction equals the rate of the reverse reaction and the concentrations of all reactants and products remains constant. The system is closed and macroscopic properties remain constant. Use phase e ...
... Equilibrium can be approached from both directions. For a system in equilibrium the rate of the forward reaction equals the rate of the reverse reaction and the concentrations of all reactants and products remains constant. The system is closed and macroscopic properties remain constant. Use phase e ...
percent composition and formulas
... left side and the correct formula(s) for the product(s) on the right side of the equation. Ethane reacts with oxygen to form carbon dioxide and water C2H6 + O2 ...
... left side and the correct formula(s) for the product(s) on the right side of the equation. Ethane reacts with oxygen to form carbon dioxide and water C2H6 + O2 ...
Experiment 10 — Qualitative Analysis
... not, that C is not oxidizable. To take this idea one step further, unlike all other carboxylic acids, formic acid, H–CO2H can be oxidized to CO2 (or to the "hydrate" of CO2, H2CO3). Formic acid is the only oxidizable carboxylic acid because it's the only one with an H on the carboxyl C! Alcohols are ...
... not, that C is not oxidizable. To take this idea one step further, unlike all other carboxylic acids, formic acid, H–CO2H can be oxidized to CO2 (or to the "hydrate" of CO2, H2CO3). Formic acid is the only oxidizable carboxylic acid because it's the only one with an H on the carboxyl C! Alcohols are ...
Homework - PHA Science
... water. Solid lithium reacts with nitrogen gas to produce solid lithium nitride. Nitroglycerin (C3H5N3O9) decomposes explosively to produce nitrogen gas, carbon dioxide gas, water vapor and oxygen gas. Carbon dioxide gas reacts with potassium hydroxide to produce potassium carbonate and water vapor. ...
... water. Solid lithium reacts with nitrogen gas to produce solid lithium nitride. Nitroglycerin (C3H5N3O9) decomposes explosively to produce nitrogen gas, carbon dioxide gas, water vapor and oxygen gas. Carbon dioxide gas reacts with potassium hydroxide to produce potassium carbonate and water vapor. ...
ttl>.`
... have a drinking problem of some kind. There is no evidencethat moderate drinking is harmful. Ethanol for industrial use is often denatured. Denatured alcohol ls ethanol that contains an added substanceto make it toxic. Methanol, sometimes called wood alcoholbecausebefore 1925it was preparedby the di ...
... have a drinking problem of some kind. There is no evidencethat moderate drinking is harmful. Ethanol for industrial use is often denatured. Denatured alcohol ls ethanol that contains an added substanceto make it toxic. Methanol, sometimes called wood alcoholbecausebefore 1925it was preparedby the di ...
BELLARMINE COLLEGE
... Do all the following questions. Please read each question carefully and apportion your time according to the relative worth of the question (shown in parenthesis after the question). Write legibly. Marks will be deducted for unclear, messy and illegible work. You must show all calculations (includin ...
... Do all the following questions. Please read each question carefully and apportion your time according to the relative worth of the question (shown in parenthesis after the question). Write legibly. Marks will be deducted for unclear, messy and illegible work. You must show all calculations (includin ...
PowerPoint 簡報
... Alcohols and Water • alcohols are “monosubstituted” water, ROH, hydrocarbon radical, R, substituted for one of the hydrogen atoms in water, HOH • alcohols form hydrogen bonds to other alcohol molecules, increasing boiling point, and to water, making them very soluble in water ...
... Alcohols and Water • alcohols are “monosubstituted” water, ROH, hydrocarbon radical, R, substituted for one of the hydrogen atoms in water, HOH • alcohols form hydrogen bonds to other alcohol molecules, increasing boiling point, and to water, making them very soluble in water ...
Dicyanomethylenedihydrofuran photorefractive materials
... First observed in inorganic crystals such as LiNbO3 and LiTaO3 in 1969 1, the PR effect is a reversible refractive index modulation process induced by light and an electric field in a material. The PR effect has promising applications including optical data storage, phase conjugation and optical pro ...
... First observed in inorganic crystals such as LiNbO3 and LiTaO3 in 1969 1, the PR effect is a reversible refractive index modulation process induced by light and an electric field in a material. The PR effect has promising applications including optical data storage, phase conjugation and optical pro ...
Page 1 of 9 Chem 103 Practice Problems: Below is a key for both
... a) What is the net reaction? Are there intermediates involved? Catalysts? Solution: Add up the 2 steps to get: 2O3 <==> 3 O2. The intermediate is O. No catalysts. b) Write the equilibrium expression for the net reaction, in terms of concentration. Solution: Keq = [O2]3/[O3]2 c) Write the equilibrium ...
... a) What is the net reaction? Are there intermediates involved? Catalysts? Solution: Add up the 2 steps to get: 2O3 <==> 3 O2. The intermediate is O. No catalysts. b) Write the equilibrium expression for the net reaction, in terms of concentration. Solution: Keq = [O2]3/[O3]2 c) Write the equilibrium ...
Reactions and Stoichiometry Practice Problems
... 3) A chemical equation is balanced when A) the total number of molecules is the same in reactants and products. B) the charge on each atom is the same in reactants and products. C) the sum of the coefficients of the reactants is equal to the sum of the coefficients of the ...
... 3) A chemical equation is balanced when A) the total number of molecules is the same in reactants and products. B) the charge on each atom is the same in reactants and products. C) the sum of the coefficients of the reactants is equal to the sum of the coefficients of the ...
Practice problems
... which occurs at the anode. The I– ions are the source of electrons, and the Cr2O72– ions accept the electrons. Hence, the electrons flow through the external circuit from the electrode immersed in the KI solution (the anode) to the electrode immersed in the K2Cr2O7 – H2SO4 solution (the cathode). Th ...
... which occurs at the anode. The I– ions are the source of electrons, and the Cr2O72– ions accept the electrons. Hence, the electrons flow through the external circuit from the electrode immersed in the KI solution (the anode) to the electrode immersed in the K2Cr2O7 – H2SO4 solution (the cathode). Th ...
Demonstrate skill in organic chemistry techniques.
... Draw alkane and cycloalkane conformations, compare their energies, and predict the most stable conformations. ...
... Draw alkane and cycloalkane conformations, compare their energies, and predict the most stable conformations. ...
Strychnine total synthesis
Strychnine total synthesis in chemistry describes the total synthesis of the complex biomolecule strychnine. The first reported method by the group of Robert Burns Woodward in 1954 is considered a classic in this research field. At the time it formed the natural conclusion to an elaborate process of molecular structure elucidation that started with the isolation of strychnine from the beans of Strychnos ignatii by Pierre Joseph Pelletier and Joseph Bienaimé Caventou in 1818. Major contributors to the entire effort were Sir Robert Robinson with over 250 publications and Hermann Leuchs with another 125 papers in a time span of 40 years. Robinson was awarded the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1947 for his work on alkaloids, strychnine included. The process of chemical identification was completed with publications in 1946 by Robinson and later confirmed by Woodward in 1947. X-ray structures establishing the absolute configuration became available between 1947 and 1951 with publications from J. M. Bijvoet and J.H. Robertson .Woodward published a very brief account on the strychnine synthesis in 1954 (just 3 pages) and a lengthy one (42 pages) in 1963.Many more methods exist and reported by the research groups of Magnus, Overman, Kuehne, Rawal, Bosch, Vollhardt, Mori, Shibasaki, Li, Fukuyama Vanderwal and MacMillan. Synthetic (+)-strychnine is also known. Racemic synthesises were published by Padwa in 2007 and in 2010 by Andrade and by Reissig.In his 1963 publication Woodward quoted Sir Robert Robinson who said for its molecular size it is the most complex substance known.