Kinetics
... (c) Catalytic nickel lowers the activation energy needed for a reaction. More often molecules have the needed energy when they collide. Reaction rate rises. (d) Greater surface area with powdered Ni. More catalytic sites means a greater rate. ...
... (c) Catalytic nickel lowers the activation energy needed for a reaction. More often molecules have the needed energy when they collide. Reaction rate rises. (d) Greater surface area with powdered Ni. More catalytic sites means a greater rate. ...
Activation of Alcohols Toward Nucleophilic Substitution: Conversion
... alcohols are converted to saturated alkyl halides.6 Because the use of HCl shows poor results for the conversion of an alcohol to an alkyl chloride, a catalyst such as the zinc used in the Lucas reagent is required. This reaction was improved by adding zinc chloride and had the advantage of milder c ...
... alcohols are converted to saturated alkyl halides.6 Because the use of HCl shows poor results for the conversion of an alcohol to an alkyl chloride, a catalyst such as the zinc used in the Lucas reagent is required. This reaction was improved by adding zinc chloride and had the advantage of milder c ...
Theoretical Study of Gas-Phase Reactions of Fe(CO)5 with OH
... in the gas phase,18 since (CO)4FeH2 is a strong acid. The reaction rate was reported to be slow in basic solutions18 as previously predicted. Finally, loss of H2 followed by addition of CO to reform Fe(CO)5 (eqs 5 and 6) was found to be exothermic in the gas phase and rapid in solution.18 While much ...
... in the gas phase,18 since (CO)4FeH2 is a strong acid. The reaction rate was reported to be slow in basic solutions18 as previously predicted. Finally, loss of H2 followed by addition of CO to reform Fe(CO)5 (eqs 5 and 6) was found to be exothermic in the gas phase and rapid in solution.18 While much ...
Oxidation of Diols and Ethers by NaBr03
... confirm the optimum reaction conditions, dioctyl ether (33) was chosen as a model substrate and allowed to react with NaBr03/NaHS03 under various reaction conditions (Eq. 2 and Table 3). The oxidation of 33 with 2 molar amounts of NaBr03/NaHS03 reagent in CH3CN/H20 produced octyl octanoate (34) and ...
... confirm the optimum reaction conditions, dioctyl ether (33) was chosen as a model substrate and allowed to react with NaBr03/NaHS03 under various reaction conditions (Eq. 2 and Table 3). The oxidation of 33 with 2 molar amounts of NaBr03/NaHS03 reagent in CH3CN/H20 produced octyl octanoate (34) and ...
Graphene-Catalyzed Direct Friedel–Crafts Alkylation Reactions
... GO surface,23−30 which may open the door for industrial arene alkylation using benign, environmentally friendly and readily available graphene materials. The reaction is characterized by mild conditions, wide substrate scope and excellent functional group tolerance. Mechanistic studies suggest that ...
... GO surface,23−30 which may open the door for industrial arene alkylation using benign, environmentally friendly and readily available graphene materials. The reaction is characterized by mild conditions, wide substrate scope and excellent functional group tolerance. Mechanistic studies suggest that ...
Acidity of Alcohols
... hydrochloric acid at room temperature . This reaction occurs by SN1 mechanism, so the reaction rate is almost the same with HCl, HBr or HI, since the addition of the halide nucleophile occurs in the second fast step. ...
... hydrochloric acid at room temperature . This reaction occurs by SN1 mechanism, so the reaction rate is almost the same with HCl, HBr or HI, since the addition of the halide nucleophile occurs in the second fast step. ...
Aromatic Compounds
... An acyl group, -COR, is substituted onto an aromatic ring • The reactive electrophile is a resonance-stabilized acyl cation • An acyl cation is stabilized by interaction of the vacant orbital on carbon with lone-pair electrons on the neighboring oxygen • Because of stabilization, no carbocation rear ...
... An acyl group, -COR, is substituted onto an aromatic ring • The reactive electrophile is a resonance-stabilized acyl cation • An acyl cation is stabilized by interaction of the vacant orbital on carbon with lone-pair electrons on the neighboring oxygen • Because of stabilization, no carbocation rear ...
Chem 314 Preorganic Evaluation
... E2 Reactions are emphasized in this section special features: biomolecular kinetics (Rate = kE2[RX][B-], single step concerted reaction, competing reaction is SN2 favored reactivity: 3oRX > 2o RX > 1oRX (none at CH3X, need Cβ-H), 1oRX will produce mainly SN2 product excet for mostly E2 with the ster ...
... E2 Reactions are emphasized in this section special features: biomolecular kinetics (Rate = kE2[RX][B-], single step concerted reaction, competing reaction is SN2 favored reactivity: 3oRX > 2o RX > 1oRX (none at CH3X, need Cβ-H), 1oRX will produce mainly SN2 product excet for mostly E2 with the ster ...
CHAPTER TWO SOLID STATE REACTIONS 2.0 Introduction The
... The complex Fe(phen)(H2O)3SO4 (where phen is 1,10-phenanthroline) is reported to be produced from the solid state reaction of FeSO4.7H2O and 1,10-phenanthroline at 70 oC [57]. Solution reaction of the two reagents has often produced [Fe(phen)3][SO4]. The complex [Fe(phen)(H2O)3][SO4] resulting from ...
... The complex Fe(phen)(H2O)3SO4 (where phen is 1,10-phenanthroline) is reported to be produced from the solid state reaction of FeSO4.7H2O and 1,10-phenanthroline at 70 oC [57]. Solution reaction of the two reagents has often produced [Fe(phen)3][SO4]. The complex [Fe(phen)(H2O)3][SO4] resulting from ...
General and Selective Synthesis of (Z)-3
... are summarized in Table 1. Indeed, trace amounts of the desired product 3 were observed from treatment of 1-heptyne (1a) with CO (1 atm) and MeOH (2a, 0.6 mL) in the presence of 5 mol % of PdBr2 and benzene (10 mL) when the loadings of CuBr2 were increased to 5 equiv (entry 2). Interestingly, a 16% ...
... are summarized in Table 1. Indeed, trace amounts of the desired product 3 were observed from treatment of 1-heptyne (1a) with CO (1 atm) and MeOH (2a, 0.6 mL) in the presence of 5 mol % of PdBr2 and benzene (10 mL) when the loadings of CuBr2 were increased to 5 equiv (entry 2). Interestingly, a 16% ...
New Exp8
... Limitations of E1 Reaction: Acid-Catalyzed Dehydrations Competition can occur with SN1 reaction if reaction conditions are not ‘controlled’ (when protic solvents, non-basic nucleophiles are used). Mixtures of products form with the E1 reaction (also SN1). Unsymmetrical reagents and rearrangements po ...
... Limitations of E1 Reaction: Acid-Catalyzed Dehydrations Competition can occur with SN1 reaction if reaction conditions are not ‘controlled’ (when protic solvents, non-basic nucleophiles are used). Mixtures of products form with the E1 reaction (also SN1). Unsymmetrical reagents and rearrangements po ...
Reactions You Should Know When You Begin Organic II
... Addition of symmetrical agents may be anti or syn depending on mechanism or catalyst. Addition of asymmetrical agents follows Markovnikov's Rule except for addition of HBr in the presence of peroxides which adds anti-Markovnikov (only works with HBr). ...
... Addition of symmetrical agents may be anti or syn depending on mechanism or catalyst. Addition of asymmetrical agents follows Markovnikov's Rule except for addition of HBr in the presence of peroxides which adds anti-Markovnikov (only works with HBr). ...
Title Iridium, ruthenium, and palladium complexes containing a
... C NMR spectrum, a single set of sharp resonances was observed, which ...
... C NMR spectrum, a single set of sharp resonances was observed, which ...
Chapter 14 Notes
... • Using the root alkane name, drop the –e ending and change to –one. • Number the longest carbon chain so the C=O group has the lowest number. • Name and number other substituents as before. Examples: ...
... • Using the root alkane name, drop the –e ending and change to –one. • Number the longest carbon chain so the C=O group has the lowest number. • Name and number other substituents as before. Examples: ...
Chapter Seven - U of L Class Index
... Carbocation rearrangments are often promoted by the presence of Lewis Acids. In this case, the intermediates are said to be “carbocation-like” if not carbocations. ...
... Carbocation rearrangments are often promoted by the presence of Lewis Acids. In this case, the intermediates are said to be “carbocation-like” if not carbocations. ...
Synthesis and thermal decarbonylation of W(CO)5 complexes
... pendant ligands L are in the vicinity of the (O–C6H4– CO2Prn) groups (see Scheme 1). The reaction of the polymeric ligands 1, 2 and 3 with the corresponding stoichiometric or substoichiometric amounts of [W(MeOH)(CO)5] in a mixture of dichloromethane–methanol gave the complexes (Scheme 2) {[NP(O2C12 ...
... pendant ligands L are in the vicinity of the (O–C6H4– CO2Prn) groups (see Scheme 1). The reaction of the polymeric ligands 1, 2 and 3 with the corresponding stoichiometric or substoichiometric amounts of [W(MeOH)(CO)5] in a mixture of dichloromethane–methanol gave the complexes (Scheme 2) {[NP(O2C12 ...
000217986-Tajbakhsh_et_al_
... an ethereal solution of LiBH4 with piperazine at 0–5 °C. It is a white powder, which can be stored in a vacuum dessicator for months without significant change in its activity. Based on data obtained by atomic absorption spectroscopy and borohydride content by an iodometric titration,12 together with ...
... an ethereal solution of LiBH4 with piperazine at 0–5 °C. It is a white powder, which can be stored in a vacuum dessicator for months without significant change in its activity. Based on data obtained by atomic absorption spectroscopy and borohydride content by an iodometric titration,12 together with ...
Module 2 Asymmetric Carbon-Carbon Bond Forming Reactions
... ROCM processes. Norbornenes react with styrene via ROCM with high enantioselectivities. In both cases, E-alkenes are generated. In the absence of styrene, in the case of Mo-based system, RORCM product is formed with 92% ee. The substrate used for the Ru-catalyzed ROCM process, proceed polymerization ...
... ROCM processes. Norbornenes react with styrene via ROCM with high enantioselectivities. In both cases, E-alkenes are generated. In the absence of styrene, in the case of Mo-based system, RORCM product is formed with 92% ee. The substrate used for the Ru-catalyzed ROCM process, proceed polymerization ...
74 CHAPTER-IV "LEAD (IV) ACETATE OXIDATIONS"
... value. So Bacha and coworkers modified this reaction by using catalytic amounts of Cu (II) acetate which greatly enhanced the rate of decarboxylation and yields of alkenes. 38 This effect of Cu (IT) acetate is attributed to the rapid scavenging of the intermediately formed alkyl radicals by Cu (II) ...
... value. So Bacha and coworkers modified this reaction by using catalytic amounts of Cu (II) acetate which greatly enhanced the rate of decarboxylation and yields of alkenes. 38 This effect of Cu (IT) acetate is attributed to the rapid scavenging of the intermediately formed alkyl radicals by Cu (II) ...
Group Meeting Special Topic: EJ Corey
... • More stable silyl ether than TMS and dimethylisopropylsilyl ether • First time used imidazole and DMF ...
... • More stable silyl ether than TMS and dimethylisopropylsilyl ether • First time used imidazole and DMF ...
- Mendeley Data
... maximum epoxidation yield was made by 0.01 mmol of complex. Our further investigation concerned the oxidation of cyclohexene, styrene, norbornene, 1octene and indene. In a typical experiment, a mixture of 0.01 mmol Vanadyl Schiff base complex, freshly distilled CH3Cl (3 mL), 1 mmol freshly distilled ...
... maximum epoxidation yield was made by 0.01 mmol of complex. Our further investigation concerned the oxidation of cyclohexene, styrene, norbornene, 1octene and indene. In a typical experiment, a mixture of 0.01 mmol Vanadyl Schiff base complex, freshly distilled CH3Cl (3 mL), 1 mmol freshly distilled ...
Disproportionation of Monolithium Acetylide into
... This Note establishes for the first time that disproportionation of lithium acetylide into dilithium carbide and acetylene is a reversible process in THF at 0 °C and that such an equilibrium may be readily displaced by addition of an electrophile (Scheme 2). Addition of a 1.6 M solution of n-butylli ...
... This Note establishes for the first time that disproportionation of lithium acetylide into dilithium carbide and acetylene is a reversible process in THF at 0 °C and that such an equilibrium may be readily displaced by addition of an electrophile (Scheme 2). Addition of a 1.6 M solution of n-butylli ...
Carbonyl Chemistry (12 Lectures) Aldehydes and Ketones
... Their polarity makes aldehydes and ketones have higher boiling points than alkenes of similar molecular weight. ...
... Their polarity makes aldehydes and ketones have higher boiling points than alkenes of similar molecular weight. ...
Preparation of d, l-Phenylalanine by Amidocarbonylation of Benzyl
... crucial coupling between the two amino acid components N-(benzyloxycarbonyl)aspartic acid (Z-Asp-OH)2 and phenylalanine methyl ester (H-Phe-OMe). This has a number of advantages, one of which is the ability to use racemic phenylalanine as feedstock as the enzyme will only convert the S-enantiomer. A ...
... crucial coupling between the two amino acid components N-(benzyloxycarbonyl)aspartic acid (Z-Asp-OH)2 and phenylalanine methyl ester (H-Phe-OMe). This has a number of advantages, one of which is the ability to use racemic phenylalanine as feedstock as the enzyme will only convert the S-enantiomer. A ...
13_lecture_ppt
... of Cu(OH)2 and sodium citrate – Reacts with aldehydes, but not with ketones – Cu2+ is reduced to Cu+ • Solution of Cu2+ is a distinctive blue color • Color fades during the reaction as Cu+ precipitates as the red solid, copper(I) oxide, Cu2O ...
... of Cu(OH)2 and sodium citrate – Reacts with aldehydes, but not with ketones – Cu2+ is reduced to Cu+ • Solution of Cu2+ is a distinctive blue color • Color fades during the reaction as Cu+ precipitates as the red solid, copper(I) oxide, Cu2O ...
Stille reaction
The Stille reaction, or the Migita-Kosugi-Stille coupling, is a chemical reaction widely used in organic synthesis which involves the coupling of an organotin compound (also known as organostannanes) with a variety of organic electrophiles via palladium-catalyzed coupling reaction.The R1 group attached to the trialkyltin is normally sp2-hybridized, including alkenes, and aryl groups; however, conditions have been devised to incorporate both sp3-hybridized groups, such as allylic and benzylic substituents, and sp-hybridized alkynes. These organostannanes are also stable to both air and moisture, and many of these reagents are either commercially available or can be synthesized from literature precedent. However, these tin reagents tend to be highly toxic. X is typically a halide, such as Cl, Br, I, yet pseudohalides such as triflates and sulfonates and phosphates can also be used.The groundwork for the Stille reaction was laid by Colin Eaborn, Toshihiko Migita, and Masanori Kosugi in 1976 and 1977, who explored numerous palladium catalyzed couplings involving organotin reagents. John Stille and David Milstein developed a much milder and more broadly applicable procedure in 1978. Stille’s work on this area might have earned him a share of the 2010 Nobel Prize, which was awarded to Richard Heck, Ei-ichi Negishi, and Akira Suzuki for their work on the Heck, Negishi, and Suzuki coupling reactions. However, Stille died in the plane crash of United Airlines Flight 232 in 1989.Several reviews have been published on the Stille reaction.