Energetics Past Paper Questions
... Which statement is correct for an endothermic reaction? A. Bonds in the products are stronger than the bonds in the reactants. B. Bonds in the reactants are stronger than the bonds in the products. C. The enthalpy of the products is less than that of the reactants. D. The reaction is spontaneous at ...
... Which statement is correct for an endothermic reaction? A. Bonds in the products are stronger than the bonds in the reactants. B. Bonds in the reactants are stronger than the bonds in the products. C. The enthalpy of the products is less than that of the reactants. D. The reaction is spontaneous at ...
Adv_H_Unit_3_Pupil_N.. - Chemistry Teaching Resources
... formed by end-on overlap of atomic orbitals lying along the axis of the covalent bond. Such covalent bonds are known as sigma (σ) bonds. Reactions of alkanes The alkanes are relatively unreactive compared with other organic compounds. They do not react with acids or alkalis. Liquid paraffin, a mixtu ...
... formed by end-on overlap of atomic orbitals lying along the axis of the covalent bond. Such covalent bonds are known as sigma (σ) bonds. Reactions of alkanes The alkanes are relatively unreactive compared with other organic compounds. They do not react with acids or alkalis. Liquid paraffin, a mixtu ...
MECH 558 Combustion Class Notes
... Before learning how hydrocarbons react with oxygen in flames, we must first go over some nomenclature for the different classes of hydrocarbons. 2.1. Alkanes (paraffins): These molecules consist of carbon atoms which are all connected by single bonds and are saturated with hydrogen atoms (i.e. no mo ...
... Before learning how hydrocarbons react with oxygen in flames, we must first go over some nomenclature for the different classes of hydrocarbons. 2.1. Alkanes (paraffins): These molecules consist of carbon atoms which are all connected by single bonds and are saturated with hydrogen atoms (i.e. no mo ...
naming of ethers
... Solubility in water – low molecular mass ethers are soluble in water. As the mass of a molecule (size of the alkyl group) increases, the solubility decreases. Melting and Boiling points – the melting and boiling points of ethers are lower than isomeric alcohols. Flammability – like alcohols, ethers ...
... Solubility in water – low molecular mass ethers are soluble in water. As the mass of a molecule (size of the alkyl group) increases, the solubility decreases. Melting and Boiling points – the melting and boiling points of ethers are lower than isomeric alcohols. Flammability – like alcohols, ethers ...
CHEM120 - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY WORKSHEET 1
... 3. Write (i) structural formulae and (ii) draw the bond line notation for the following compounds: (a) 2,2,4-trimethylhexane (b) 3-ethyl-2,4,5-trimethyloctane (c) 2-bromo-2,4,6-trimethyloctane ...
... 3. Write (i) structural formulae and (ii) draw the bond line notation for the following compounds: (a) 2,2,4-trimethylhexane (b) 3-ethyl-2,4,5-trimethyloctane (c) 2-bromo-2,4,6-trimethyloctane ...
Chapter 23 - Simpson County Schools
... ketones that are water-soluble and easily dissolve in the bloodstream to be transported to tissues. At the same time, some of these ketones are reduced in the liver and the alcohol product is released in to the blood. ...
... ketones that are water-soluble and easily dissolve in the bloodstream to be transported to tissues. At the same time, some of these ketones are reduced in the liver and the alcohol product is released in to the blood. ...
Full-Text PDF
... eco-friendly procedures [1,2]. The carboxylic acid moiety is a common functional group in a number of organic molecules, including drugs, fine chemicals and industrially interesting compounds. It is usually synthesized through oxidation reactions starting from reduced precursors such as alcohols [3] ...
... eco-friendly procedures [1,2]. The carboxylic acid moiety is a common functional group in a number of organic molecules, including drugs, fine chemicals and industrially interesting compounds. It is usually synthesized through oxidation reactions starting from reduced precursors such as alcohols [3] ...
13. Alcohols
... CH3CH2OH + 3O2 2CO2 + 3H2O Denatured alcohol is ethanol that has been made toxic and undrinkable by the addition of other chemical additives. A traditional additive was methanol, which formed methylated spirits (meths): 90% ethanol and 10% methanol. Denatured alcohol is a useful portable fuel (e.g ...
... CH3CH2OH + 3O2 2CO2 + 3H2O Denatured alcohol is ethanol that has been made toxic and undrinkable by the addition of other chemical additives. A traditional additive was methanol, which formed methylated spirits (meths): 90% ethanol and 10% methanol. Denatured alcohol is a useful portable fuel (e.g ...
Nucleophilic Additions to Carbonyl Group
... of the reagent and the reaction conditions. When the reaction conditions are basic, the nucleophile first adds to the carbonyl carbon (Figure 7.1). Then an electrophile, often a proton from the solvent, transfers to the oxygen (Figure 7.2). When the reaction conditions are acidic, the sequence rever ...
... of the reagent and the reaction conditions. When the reaction conditions are basic, the nucleophile first adds to the carbonyl carbon (Figure 7.1). Then an electrophile, often a proton from the solvent, transfers to the oxygen (Figure 7.2). When the reaction conditions are acidic, the sequence rever ...
CH102 Practice exam 2
... ____ 13.The carboxyl group found in carboxylic acids must be on a terminal carbon, like the carbonyl of an aldehyde ____ 14.Carboxylic acids have the functional groups found in both aldehyde / ketones and alcohols. ____ 15.Pure liquid carboxylic acids are strongly hydrogen bonded. ____ 16.Butyric ac ...
... ____ 13.The carboxyl group found in carboxylic acids must be on a terminal carbon, like the carbonyl of an aldehyde ____ 14.Carboxylic acids have the functional groups found in both aldehyde / ketones and alcohols. ____ 15.Pure liquid carboxylic acids are strongly hydrogen bonded. ____ 16.Butyric ac ...
Alcohols and Ethers
... group…………. –OH They only differ in the length of their hydrocarbon chain ...
... group…………. –OH They only differ in the length of their hydrocarbon chain ...
The catalytic function of a silica gel-immobilized Mn(II)
... heterogeneous (silica gel)–O2 (EtO)Si–L1 –Mn(HL2 ) (2) catalyst was thoroughly washed with CH3 OH in order to eliminate Mn(HL2 ) species adsorbed on the support. The IR spectrum of the heterogeneous catalyst 2 (Fig. 1c) displays the characteristic bands associated with the N–H (3217 cm−1 ) and C O ( ...
... heterogeneous (silica gel)–O2 (EtO)Si–L1 –Mn(HL2 ) (2) catalyst was thoroughly washed with CH3 OH in order to eliminate Mn(HL2 ) species adsorbed on the support. The IR spectrum of the heterogeneous catalyst 2 (Fig. 1c) displays the characteristic bands associated with the N–H (3217 cm−1 ) and C O ( ...
GCE Getting Started - Edexcel
... Understand the interactions in molecules, such as H2O, liquid NH3 and liquid HF, which give rise to hydrogen bonding. Understand the following anomalous properties of water resulting from hydrogen bonding: i. its relatively high melting temperature and boiling temperature ii. the density of ice comp ...
... Understand the interactions in molecules, such as H2O, liquid NH3 and liquid HF, which give rise to hydrogen bonding. Understand the following anomalous properties of water resulting from hydrogen bonding: i. its relatively high melting temperature and boiling temperature ii. the density of ice comp ...
Chapter 11: Reactions of Alcohols
... Organic esters are easily formed from the corresponding carboxylic acid and alcohols following an acyl substitution mechanism. The reaction is catalyzed by a strong acid and is known as the Fisher Esterification. Esters can easily be detected due to their common smell such as apple, strawberries, ba ...
... Organic esters are easily formed from the corresponding carboxylic acid and alcohols following an acyl substitution mechanism. The reaction is catalyzed by a strong acid and is known as the Fisher Esterification. Esters can easily be detected due to their common smell such as apple, strawberries, ba ...
Chapter 20: Carboxylic Acids and Nitriles
... • Oxidation of a substituted alkylbenzene with KMnO4 or Na2Cr2O7 gives a substituted benzoic acid (see Section 16.10) • 1° and 2° alkyl groups can be oxidized, but tertiary groups are not ...
... • Oxidation of a substituted alkylbenzene with KMnO4 or Na2Cr2O7 gives a substituted benzoic acid (see Section 16.10) • 1° and 2° alkyl groups can be oxidized, but tertiary groups are not ...
Reactions of Aldehydes and Ketones – Nucleophilic Addition
... Ketones are less susceptible than aldehydes to attack by nucleophiles, so aldol additions occur more slowly with ketones. With ketones, the reaction proceeds well only if the product is removed from the basic solution or reacts further by dehydration. ...
... Ketones are less susceptible than aldehydes to attack by nucleophiles, so aldol additions occur more slowly with ketones. With ketones, the reaction proceeds well only if the product is removed from the basic solution or reacts further by dehydration. ...
This is an author version of the contribution published on: Questa è
... requires a large excess of organic solvents.2 These issues make this process environmentally questionable. The esterification of primary terpene alcohols is a more difficult task as they are rather prone to isomerization and other untoward reactions under normal acidic conditions. Acidic reagents ma ...
... requires a large excess of organic solvents.2 These issues make this process environmentally questionable. The esterification of primary terpene alcohols is a more difficult task as they are rather prone to isomerization and other untoward reactions under normal acidic conditions. Acidic reagents ma ...
Cycloalkanes - faculty at Chemeketa
... 4.9 Conformations of Polycyclic Molecules Decalin consists of two cyclohexane rings joined to share two carbon atoms (the bridgehead carbons, C1 and C6) and a common bond Two isomeric forms of decalin: trans fused or cis fused In cis-decalin hydrogen atoms at the bridgehead carbons are on the s ...
... 4.9 Conformations of Polycyclic Molecules Decalin consists of two cyclohexane rings joined to share two carbon atoms (the bridgehead carbons, C1 and C6) and a common bond Two isomeric forms of decalin: trans fused or cis fused In cis-decalin hydrogen atoms at the bridgehead carbons are on the s ...
Learning Guide for Chapter 9 - Alkyl Halides I
... What is synthesis? figuring out how to make a compound each reaction you learn will be a tool in your toolbox to make a specific change substitution - alkyl halide to other functional groups What steps should you go through? 1) look at the compound to decide what nucleophiles you could use 2) decide ...
... What is synthesis? figuring out how to make a compound each reaction you learn will be a tool in your toolbox to make a specific change substitution - alkyl halide to other functional groups What steps should you go through? 1) look at the compound to decide what nucleophiles you could use 2) decide ...
4.3 Photo-oxygenation reactions
... should not be destroyed by 1O2 , nor intervene in other reactions. Sensitizer ...
... should not be destroyed by 1O2 , nor intervene in other reactions. Sensitizer ...
Chemistry - Silk Road International School
... Describe the manufacture of alkenes and of hydrogen by cracking Distinguish between saturated and unsaturated hydrocarbons – from molecular structures – by reaction with aqueous bromine Describe the formation of poly(ethene) as an example of addition polymerization of monomer units Describe ...
... Describe the manufacture of alkenes and of hydrogen by cracking Distinguish between saturated and unsaturated hydrocarbons – from molecular structures – by reaction with aqueous bromine Describe the formation of poly(ethene) as an example of addition polymerization of monomer units Describe ...
Alkene
In organic chemistry, an alkene is an unsaturated hydrocarbon that contains at least one carbon–carbon double bond. Alkene, olefin, and olefine are used often interchangeably (see nomenclature section below). Acyclic alkenes, with only one double bond and no other functional groups, known as mono-enes, form a homologous series of hydrocarbons with the general formula CnH2n. Alkenes have two hydrogen atoms less than the corresponding alkane (with the same number of carbon atoms). The simplest alkene, ethylene (C2H4), which has the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) name ethene is the organic compound produced on the largest scale industrially. Aromatic compounds are often drawn as cyclic alkenes, but their structure and properties are different and they are not considered to be alkenes.