Unit 4 - INTEC Chemistry Blog
... Recall that Grignard reagents act as nucleophiles Carboxylic acids with alcohols, (lithium aluminium hydride), phosphorus pentachloride, sodium carbonate and sodium hydrogencarbonate rules for nomenclature Functional group compound Compound type Halogenoalkanes Grignard reagent Aldehydes Ketones ...
... Recall that Grignard reagents act as nucleophiles Carboxylic acids with alcohols, (lithium aluminium hydride), phosphorus pentachloride, sodium carbonate and sodium hydrogencarbonate rules for nomenclature Functional group compound Compound type Halogenoalkanes Grignard reagent Aldehydes Ketones ...
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... Name______________________________________________period______IB chemistry ch. 10 organic chemistry 1. What makes carbon able to form so many different compounds? It bonds to itself to form long chains 2. What is the maximum number of other atoms to which a given carbon atom can be attached? Why? Fo ...
... Name______________________________________________period______IB chemistry ch. 10 organic chemistry 1. What makes carbon able to form so many different compounds? It bonds to itself to form long chains 2. What is the maximum number of other atoms to which a given carbon atom can be attached? Why? Fo ...
Document
... It is the exact opposite of a hydration reaction. The double or triple bond is broken and the H and OH group are added onto the carbons to keep the 4 bonds rule. ...
... It is the exact opposite of a hydration reaction. The double or triple bond is broken and the H and OH group are added onto the carbons to keep the 4 bonds rule. ...
Department of LD - Covenant University
... quantitative analyses of organic compounds. It reviews the principles of structure and bonding that will be useful as you learn about the chemistry of carbon compounds. This lecture uses the families of hydrocarbons known as alkanes, alkenes and alkynesto introduce the concepts of structure and nome ...
... quantitative analyses of organic compounds. It reviews the principles of structure and bonding that will be useful as you learn about the chemistry of carbon compounds. This lecture uses the families of hydrocarbons known as alkanes, alkenes and alkynesto introduce the concepts of structure and nome ...
AS Chemistry: Paper 2 Physical Inorganic Organic 1.0 Basic
... Alkenes - (update standard answers if necessary) Learn alkene mechanism specific to H2O / H2SO4 x 10 Learn alkene mechanism specific to H2O / H3PO4 x 10 Read over 3.3 Halogenoalkenes – address problems Write out definitions (in boxes) ...
... Alkenes - (update standard answers if necessary) Learn alkene mechanism specific to H2O / H2SO4 x 10 Learn alkene mechanism specific to H2O / H3PO4 x 10 Read over 3.3 Halogenoalkenes – address problems Write out definitions (in boxes) ...
Final Exam, Chem 111 2012 Study Guide (labs)
... 1. Be familiar with the structure and nomenclature of organic compounds. a. Explain the origin of steric repulsion, with examples (e.g., eclipsed vs staggered) b. Explain how to tell when two structures are different conformations of the same molecule, vs when they are different constitutional isome ...
... 1. Be familiar with the structure and nomenclature of organic compounds. a. Explain the origin of steric repulsion, with examples (e.g., eclipsed vs staggered) b. Explain how to tell when two structures are different conformations of the same molecule, vs when they are different constitutional isome ...
Chapter 16. Biological Reagents
... 16.1 The first step in the metabolism of glucose (glycolysis) involves the formation of the glucose 6-phosphate shown in this chapter. The next step is the conversion of glucose-6-phosphate by an enzyme and ATP to fructose 1,6-diphosphate. Show the structure of fructose 1,6-diphosphate. 16.2 The oxi ...
... 16.1 The first step in the metabolism of glucose (glycolysis) involves the formation of the glucose 6-phosphate shown in this chapter. The next step is the conversion of glucose-6-phosphate by an enzyme and ATP to fructose 1,6-diphosphate. Show the structure of fructose 1,6-diphosphate. 16.2 The oxi ...
AROMATIC CHEMISTRY
... The term ‘aromatic’ was first used in the nineteenth century to describe a group of compounds which have pleasant aromas. These compounds, which include benzene, are very different to aliphatic compounds. The term is still used, since it is useful to classify aromatic and aliphatic compounds separat ...
... The term ‘aromatic’ was first used in the nineteenth century to describe a group of compounds which have pleasant aromas. These compounds, which include benzene, are very different to aliphatic compounds. The term is still used, since it is useful to classify aromatic and aliphatic compounds separat ...
Unit 2 - Organic Chemistry Straight Chain Alkanes
... One (or more) H atoms are substituted by a halogen (F2, Cl2, Br2) ...
... One (or more) H atoms are substituted by a halogen (F2, Cl2, Br2) ...
Organic Chemistry Introduction
... Structure of Alkyl Halides • C-X bond is longer as you go down periodic table • C-X bond is weaker as you go down periodic table ...
... Structure of Alkyl Halides • C-X bond is longer as you go down periodic table • C-X bond is weaker as you go down periodic table ...
Derivatives of carboxylic acids - amides, acid anhydrides and nitriles
... Unusually for compounds containing the -NH2 group, amides are neutral. This section explains why -NH2 groups are usually basic and why amides are different. The usual basic character of the -NH2 group Simple compounds containing an -NH2 group such as ammonia, NH3, or a primary amine like methylamine ...
... Unusually for compounds containing the -NH2 group, amides are neutral. This section explains why -NH2 groups are usually basic and why amides are different. The usual basic character of the -NH2 group Simple compounds containing an -NH2 group such as ammonia, NH3, or a primary amine like methylamine ...
Chapter 23
... • contains –CO– (carbonyl group) -- between two other groups polar but cannot form strong hydrogen bonds with each other; however can form strong hydrogen bonds with water. • naming: 1. Identify the longest chain that includes the carbonyl group 2. Change the –e ending to -one 3. Number to give the ...
... • contains –CO– (carbonyl group) -- between two other groups polar but cannot form strong hydrogen bonds with each other; however can form strong hydrogen bonds with water. • naming: 1. Identify the longest chain that includes the carbonyl group 2. Change the –e ending to -one 3. Number to give the ...
Synthesis of Benzene Derivatives: Electrophilic Aromatic Substitution
... restored. This process is more favored than the nucleophilic trapping by the anion accompanying E+. ...
... restored. This process is more favored than the nucleophilic trapping by the anion accompanying E+. ...
Functional Groups
... A specific arrangement of atoms in an organic compound that is capable of characteristic chemical reactions. In other words, a substituent group other than an alkyl group. Most organic chemistry is functionalgroup chemistry. We will do one functional group. ...
... A specific arrangement of atoms in an organic compound that is capable of characteristic chemical reactions. In other words, a substituent group other than an alkyl group. Most organic chemistry is functionalgroup chemistry. We will do one functional group. ...
GRADE 12A: Chemistry 5
... Give students the names of a range of organic compounds (e.g. ethanal, trimethylamine) and ask them to work in pairs, using the technique above, to work out the 3D structure of the compounds. Differentiate the complexity of the molecules to suit students’ ability. For each example, ask students to r ...
... Give students the names of a range of organic compounds (e.g. ethanal, trimethylamine) and ask them to work in pairs, using the technique above, to work out the 3D structure of the compounds. Differentiate the complexity of the molecules to suit students’ ability. For each example, ask students to r ...
Unit F322 - Chains, energy and resources - Visually impaired
... A reaction mechanism shows the individual steps that take place during a reaction. (a) Methane reacts with bromine in the presence of ultraviolet radiation to form several products. Two of these products are bromomethane and ...
... A reaction mechanism shows the individual steps that take place during a reaction. (a) Methane reacts with bromine in the presence of ultraviolet radiation to form several products. Two of these products are bromomethane and ...
MS PowerPoint - Catalysis Eprints database
... Halomethylation of aromatic systems Production of MOM-Cl Conventional synthesis of MOM-Cl involves HCHO, HCl and CH3OH Produces the by-product bis[chloromethyl]ether (BCME) BCME is a powerful carcinogen and its use is seriously limited Requires considerable tedious handling during isolatio ...
... Halomethylation of aromatic systems Production of MOM-Cl Conventional synthesis of MOM-Cl involves HCHO, HCl and CH3OH Produces the by-product bis[chloromethyl]ether (BCME) BCME is a powerful carcinogen and its use is seriously limited Requires considerable tedious handling during isolatio ...
Chemical Properties of Organic Compounds
... Organic compounds that contain only carbon and hydrogen are known as hydrocarbons. Saturated hydrocarbons (alkanes) have the general formula CnH2n+2 and all the carbon atoms have only single bonds to other carbon atoms or hydrogen atoms. Hydrocarbons that contain one double or triple bond are unsatu ...
... Organic compounds that contain only carbon and hydrogen are known as hydrocarbons. Saturated hydrocarbons (alkanes) have the general formula CnH2n+2 and all the carbon atoms have only single bonds to other carbon atoms or hydrogen atoms. Hydrocarbons that contain one double or triple bond are unsatu ...
Chapter 14
... At first glance this looks impossible. How are we to break one of the unactivated C-C single bonds in cyclohexane to make a 1,6-diol with two extra carbons! So, rather than looking at the starting material, look at the target molecule and look at the first disconnection shown by the wavy line. If we ...
... At first glance this looks impossible. How are we to break one of the unactivated C-C single bonds in cyclohexane to make a 1,6-diol with two extra carbons! So, rather than looking at the starting material, look at the target molecule and look at the first disconnection shown by the wavy line. If we ...
Regiospecificity according to Markovnikov
... • Alkynes do not react with aqueous protic acids • Mercuric ion (as the sulfate) is a Lewis acid catalyst that promotes addition of water in Markovnikov orientation • The immediate product is a vinylic alcohol, or enol, which spontaneously transforms to a ...
... • Alkynes do not react with aqueous protic acids • Mercuric ion (as the sulfate) is a Lewis acid catalyst that promotes addition of water in Markovnikov orientation • The immediate product is a vinylic alcohol, or enol, which spontaneously transforms to a ...
Hydrocarbons
... and Cis-2-butene differ in the geometry of the substituted groups (to double bond) like other structural isomers, have different physical and chemical properties ...
... and Cis-2-butene differ in the geometry of the substituted groups (to double bond) like other structural isomers, have different physical and chemical properties ...
Haloalkane
The haloalkanes (also known, as halogenoalkanes or alkyl halides) are a group of chemical compounds derived from alkanes containing one or more halogens. They are a subset of the general class of halocarbons, although the distinction is not often made. Haloalkanes are widely used commercially and, consequently, are known under many chemical and commercial names. They are used as flame retardants, fire extinguishants, refrigerants, propellants, solvents, and pharmaceuticals. Subsequent to the widespread use in commerce, many halocarbons have also been shown to be serious pollutants and toxins. For example, the chlorofluorocarbons have been shown to lead to ozone depletion. Methyl bromide is a controversial fumigant. Only haloalkanes which contain chlorine, bromine, and iodine are a threat to the ozone layer, but fluorinated volatile haloalkanes in theory may have activity as greenhouse gases. Methyl iodide, a naturally occurring substance, however, does not have ozone-depleting properties and the United States Environmental Protection Agency has designated the compound a non-ozone layer depleter. For more information, see Halomethane. Haloalkane or alkyl halides are the compounds which have the general formula ″RX″ where R is an alkyl or substituted alkyl group and X is a halogen (F, Cl, Br, I).Haloalkanes have been known for centuries. Chloroethane was produced synthetically in the 15th century. The systematic synthesis of such compounds developed in the 19th century in step with the development of organic chemistry and the understanding of the structure of alkanes. Methods were developed for the selective formation of C-halogen bonds. Especially versatile methods included the addition of halogens to alkenes, hydrohalogenation of alkenes, and the conversion of alcohols to alkyl halides. These methods are so reliable and so easily implemented that haloalkanes became cheaply available for use in industrial chemistry because the halide could be further replaced by other functional groups.While most haloalkanes are human-produced, non-artificial-source haloalkanes do occur on Earth, mostly through enzyme-mediated synthesis by bacteria, fungi, and especially sea macroalgae (seaweeds). More than 1600 halogenated organics have been identified, with bromoalkanes being the most common haloalkanes. Brominated organics in biology range from biologically produced methyl bromide to non-alkane aromatics and unsaturates (indoles, terpenes, acetogenins, and phenols). Halogenated alkanes in land plants are more rare, but do occur, as for example the fluoroacetate produced as a toxin by at least 40 species of known plants. Specific dehalogenase enzymes in bacteria which remove halogens from haloalkanes, are also known.