The characteristic reaction of aromatic rings
... Reactions of the Side Chain of Alkylbenzenes t Benzylic Radicals and Cations l When toluene undergoes hydrogen abstraction from its methyl group it produces a benzyl radical è A benzylic radical is a radical in which the carbon bearing the unpaired electron is directly bonded to an aromatic ring ...
... Reactions of the Side Chain of Alkylbenzenes t Benzylic Radicals and Cations l When toluene undergoes hydrogen abstraction from its methyl group it produces a benzyl radical è A benzylic radical is a radical in which the carbon bearing the unpaired electron is directly bonded to an aromatic ring ...
Alcohols
... Where “R” represents any chain of carbon and hydrogen atoms. • If there is more than one hydroxyl group, it is called a polyalcohol. They are named almost the same as regular alcohols except you add a “di”, “tri”, etc. before the “ol” ending. For example ...
... Where “R” represents any chain of carbon and hydrogen atoms. • If there is more than one hydroxyl group, it is called a polyalcohol. They are named almost the same as regular alcohols except you add a “di”, “tri”, etc. before the “ol” ending. For example ...
Oxidation notes
... layers. Keep both layers. (Ether extraction of aq. layer) 8. Extract the aq. layer with another 5 mL portion of ether and combine with the 1st 5 mL of ether. The product should be in the ether layer. ...
... layers. Keep both layers. (Ether extraction of aq. layer) 8. Extract the aq. layer with another 5 mL portion of ether and combine with the 1st 5 mL of ether. The product should be in the ether layer. ...
Notes
... each functional group. These molecules contain more than one functional group. 1. Vanillin (a food flavouring) ...
... each functional group. These molecules contain more than one functional group. 1. Vanillin (a food flavouring) ...
Week 10 Problem Set (Answers) (4/17, 4/18, 4/19) Reactions and
... The key transformation occurring is the breaking of the C2-N bond and the formation of the C6-O bond. There is an inversion of stereochem at the Br position, indicating an SN2 type reaction. A new pi bond is also made between C1-C2. This is a big clue. We know that we have to break the bond between ...
... The key transformation occurring is the breaking of the C2-N bond and the formation of the C6-O bond. There is an inversion of stereochem at the Br position, indicating an SN2 type reaction. A new pi bond is also made between C1-C2. This is a big clue. We know that we have to break the bond between ...
Organic Chemistry
... methane. That hydrogen atom only needs to bring one electron with it to form a new bond to the chlorine, and so one electron is left behind on the carbon atom. A new free radical is formed this time a methyl radical, CH3 . ...
... methane. That hydrogen atom only needs to bring one electron with it to form a new bond to the chlorine, and so one electron is left behind on the carbon atom. A new free radical is formed this time a methyl radical, CH3 . ...
Chapter 5
... ◦ Cyclic ethers are also known by their common names. ◦ Ethylene oxide is an important building block for the organic chemical industry. It is also used as a fumigant in foodstuffs and textiles, and in hospitals to sterilize surgical instruments. ◦ Tetrahydrofuran is a useful laboratory and industri ...
... ◦ Cyclic ethers are also known by their common names. ◦ Ethylene oxide is an important building block for the organic chemical industry. It is also used as a fumigant in foodstuffs and textiles, and in hospitals to sterilize surgical instruments. ◦ Tetrahydrofuran is a useful laboratory and industri ...
Abstracts - Thieme Verlag
... This chapter provides a concise overview of metal-catalyzed additions to alkenes that involve carbon monoxide and another nucleophilic species, such as water or an alcohol. This is an important area of research in terms of several commodity chemical targets, with many papers devoted to the evolution ...
... This chapter provides a concise overview of metal-catalyzed additions to alkenes that involve carbon monoxide and another nucleophilic species, such as water or an alcohol. This is an important area of research in terms of several commodity chemical targets, with many papers devoted to the evolution ...
Introduction to Organic Synthesis
... Retrosynthetic analysis is the process of working backwards from the target molecule to progressively simpler molecules by means of DISCONNECTIONS and/or FUNCTIONAL GROUP INTERCONVERSIONS that correspond to known reactions. When you've got to a simple enough starting material (like something you can ...
... Retrosynthetic analysis is the process of working backwards from the target molecule to progressively simpler molecules by means of DISCONNECTIONS and/or FUNCTIONAL GROUP INTERCONVERSIONS that correspond to known reactions. When you've got to a simple enough starting material (like something you can ...
Structure and Properties of Organic Molecules Reading: Wade
... depend on close surface contact between two molecules and is correlated with surface area. The greater the surface area of a molecule, the greater the extent and strength of London forces. In general, London forces are weak attractive forces. Compare the boiling points of n-pentane (36°C) vs. n-octa ...
... depend on close surface contact between two molecules and is correlated with surface area. The greater the surface area of a molecule, the greater the extent and strength of London forces. In general, London forces are weak attractive forces. Compare the boiling points of n-pentane (36°C) vs. n-octa ...
Ch 16 Aldehydes and Ketones I
... – This vinylic alcohol can rearrange to form a ketone – The rearrangement is acid catalyzed and involves the loss of a proton from the hydroxyl group, the addition of a hydrogen to the other carbon of the double bond and the relocation of the double bond. ...
... – This vinylic alcohol can rearrange to form a ketone – The rearrangement is acid catalyzed and involves the loss of a proton from the hydroxyl group, the addition of a hydrogen to the other carbon of the double bond and the relocation of the double bond. ...
PowerPoint - Organic Chemistry
... “Examples” in table 24.1 • Each member must have the exact same molecule (thus you must agree on structure) • Show me the structure(s) after building each ...
... “Examples” in table 24.1 • Each member must have the exact same molecule (thus you must agree on structure) • Show me the structure(s) after building each ...
幻灯片 1
... • Regiochemistry of Elimination of Alkyl Halides- Zaitsev’s Rule • What products result from loss of HX from an unsymmetrical halide? According to a rule of formulated in 1875 by the Russian chemist Alexander Zaitsev, base-induced elimination reactions generally give the ...
... • Regiochemistry of Elimination of Alkyl Halides- Zaitsev’s Rule • What products result from loss of HX from an unsymmetrical halide? According to a rule of formulated in 1875 by the Russian chemist Alexander Zaitsev, base-induced elimination reactions generally give the ...
QuickStudy - Organic Chemistry Fundamentals
... exhibit a net electron spin which can be measured by electron spin resonance spectroscopy (ESR). ...
... exhibit a net electron spin which can be measured by electron spin resonance spectroscopy (ESR). ...
Sulfur analogs of alcohols, phenols and ethers
... R-CH2-Cl > R-CH2-Br > R-CH2-I alkyl chloride reacts at oxygen atom ...
... R-CH2-Cl > R-CH2-Br > R-CH2-I alkyl chloride reacts at oxygen atom ...
Thiobenzoate Photochemistry
... not significantly affect the H-abstraction pathway in O-phenethyl thiobenzoates, although the reaction is slightly slower with the nitrophenyl group.3 (d) Solvent Effects The formation of an ion pair can be controlled to some extent by solvent polarity. It is unusual to have ion pairs form in methyl ...
... not significantly affect the H-abstraction pathway in O-phenethyl thiobenzoates, although the reaction is slightly slower with the nitrophenyl group.3 (d) Solvent Effects The formation of an ion pair can be controlled to some extent by solvent polarity. It is unusual to have ion pairs form in methyl ...
Chpt. 22: Some Families of Organic Compounds
... • Ethanol (made by fermentation of sugar cane) mixed with petroleum products – used as a motor fuel instead of petrol. • Ethanol is a very good solvent ( solubility properties). It is widely used as a solvent for perfumes, aftershaves, ...
... • Ethanol (made by fermentation of sugar cane) mixed with petroleum products – used as a motor fuel instead of petrol. • Ethanol is a very good solvent ( solubility properties). It is widely used as a solvent for perfumes, aftershaves, ...
Grade 12 Chemistry LC2, Chapter 10 summary
... Ketones have a carbonyl group bonded between two hydrocarbon groups. In an aldehyde, one of the hydrocarbon groups is replaced by a hydrogen atom. 3. Circle and name each type of functional group present. ...
... Ketones have a carbonyl group bonded between two hydrocarbon groups. In an aldehyde, one of the hydrocarbon groups is replaced by a hydrogen atom. 3. Circle and name each type of functional group present. ...
CH 2
... atoms. Subscripts are used to indicate number of H’s and bonds are indicated with dashes • Skeletal Formula= only carbons and bonds(as ...
... atoms. Subscripts are used to indicate number of H’s and bonds are indicated with dashes • Skeletal Formula= only carbons and bonds(as ...
Synthesis of Aliphatic Nitro Compounds1i2 A simple new
... Preparation of %nitrooctane from b-iodo~ctane.~2-Iodooctane (71.2 g., 0.30 mole) was poured into a stirred solution of 225 ml. dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) and 36 g. of sodium nitrite (0.52 mole) contained in a 500 ml. flask immersed in a water bath held a t room temperature. Stirring was continued for ...
... Preparation of %nitrooctane from b-iodo~ctane.~2-Iodooctane (71.2 g., 0.30 mole) was poured into a stirred solution of 225 ml. dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) and 36 g. of sodium nitrite (0.52 mole) contained in a 500 ml. flask immersed in a water bath held a t room temperature. Stirring was continued for ...
Chapter 16
... Direct hydroxylation of an aromatic ring difficult in the laboratory Usually occurs via an enzyme in biological pathways ...
... Direct hydroxylation of an aromatic ring difficult in the laboratory Usually occurs via an enzyme in biological pathways ...
Haloalkane
The haloalkanes (also known, as halogenoalkanes or alkyl halides) are a group of chemical compounds derived from alkanes containing one or more halogens. They are a subset of the general class of halocarbons, although the distinction is not often made. Haloalkanes are widely used commercially and, consequently, are known under many chemical and commercial names. They are used as flame retardants, fire extinguishants, refrigerants, propellants, solvents, and pharmaceuticals. Subsequent to the widespread use in commerce, many halocarbons have also been shown to be serious pollutants and toxins. For example, the chlorofluorocarbons have been shown to lead to ozone depletion. Methyl bromide is a controversial fumigant. Only haloalkanes which contain chlorine, bromine, and iodine are a threat to the ozone layer, but fluorinated volatile haloalkanes in theory may have activity as greenhouse gases. Methyl iodide, a naturally occurring substance, however, does not have ozone-depleting properties and the United States Environmental Protection Agency has designated the compound a non-ozone layer depleter. For more information, see Halomethane. Haloalkane or alkyl halides are the compounds which have the general formula ″RX″ where R is an alkyl or substituted alkyl group and X is a halogen (F, Cl, Br, I).Haloalkanes have been known for centuries. Chloroethane was produced synthetically in the 15th century. The systematic synthesis of such compounds developed in the 19th century in step with the development of organic chemistry and the understanding of the structure of alkanes. Methods were developed for the selective formation of C-halogen bonds. Especially versatile methods included the addition of halogens to alkenes, hydrohalogenation of alkenes, and the conversion of alcohols to alkyl halides. These methods are so reliable and so easily implemented that haloalkanes became cheaply available for use in industrial chemistry because the halide could be further replaced by other functional groups.While most haloalkanes are human-produced, non-artificial-source haloalkanes do occur on Earth, mostly through enzyme-mediated synthesis by bacteria, fungi, and especially sea macroalgae (seaweeds). More than 1600 halogenated organics have been identified, with bromoalkanes being the most common haloalkanes. Brominated organics in biology range from biologically produced methyl bromide to non-alkane aromatics and unsaturates (indoles, terpenes, acetogenins, and phenols). Halogenated alkanes in land plants are more rare, but do occur, as for example the fluoroacetate produced as a toxin by at least 40 species of known plants. Specific dehalogenase enzymes in bacteria which remove halogens from haloalkanes, are also known.