Review Sheet - Phillips Scientific Methods
... Alcohols are “bent” in shape and tetrahedral about the oxygen atom Alcohols hydrogen bond with one another and thus have higher boiling and melting points that similar molecular weight hydrocarbons The most important physical property of an alcohol is the polarity of the –OH group Low molecu ...
... Alcohols are “bent” in shape and tetrahedral about the oxygen atom Alcohols hydrogen bond with one another and thus have higher boiling and melting points that similar molecular weight hydrocarbons The most important physical property of an alcohol is the polarity of the –OH group Low molecu ...
Effect of nucleophile on reaction
... Nucleophile strength • The stronger the nucleophile the faster / more efficient the SN2 reaction • Nucleophilic strength (nucleophilicity) relates to how easily a compound can ...
... Nucleophile strength • The stronger the nucleophile the faster / more efficient the SN2 reaction • Nucleophilic strength (nucleophilicity) relates to how easily a compound can ...
AROMATIC COMPOUNDS A STUDENT SHOULD BE ABLE TO: 1
... all have two electrons. In the nonaromatic cyclopentadienyl radical (2.3b), the highest energy orbitals have an odd number of electrons. In an antiaromatic compound, the highest occupied molecular orbitals all have one electron, which explains why these compounds are especially unstable. ...
... all have two electrons. In the nonaromatic cyclopentadienyl radical (2.3b), the highest energy orbitals have an odd number of electrons. In an antiaromatic compound, the highest occupied molecular orbitals all have one electron, which explains why these compounds are especially unstable. ...
organic compounds in three dimensions
... Cis- and Trans- Isomers: An important difference between alkanes and alkenes is the degree of flexibility of the carbon-carbon bonds in the molecules. Rotation around single carbon-carbon bonds in alkanes occurs readily at room temperature, but the carbon-carbon double bond in alkenes is strong enou ...
... Cis- and Trans- Isomers: An important difference between alkanes and alkenes is the degree of flexibility of the carbon-carbon bonds in the molecules. Rotation around single carbon-carbon bonds in alkanes occurs readily at room temperature, but the carbon-carbon double bond in alkenes is strong enou ...
UNIT 2 - Glow Blogs
... The first mark is for a line graph that curves generally as shown, representing a decreasing rate of change of concentration. The second mark is for a tangent to the curve at time zero. ...
... The first mark is for a line graph that curves generally as shown, representing a decreasing rate of change of concentration. The second mark is for a tangent to the curve at time zero. ...
Functional Groups - hrsbstaff.ednet.ns.ca
... • Molecules that O-H, N-H and F-H bonds, they can form hydrogen bonds with themselves and water • These molecules have higher boiling points than similar molecules that cannot form hydrogen bonds • For example, alcohols that have an O-H bond can form hydrogen bonds but alkanes cannot • Shorter chain ...
... • Molecules that O-H, N-H and F-H bonds, they can form hydrogen bonds with themselves and water • These molecules have higher boiling points than similar molecules that cannot form hydrogen bonds • For example, alcohols that have an O-H bond can form hydrogen bonds but alkanes cannot • Shorter chain ...
Going Bananas Over Isoamyl Acetate
... Place a 25-mL round bottom flask (19/22 from blue kit) into a small beaker and tare them on the balance. Weigh 3.2 g of isoamyl alcohol directly into the flask. Add 5 mL of glacial acetic acid and 3 boiling chips to the flask. Finally, use a clean pipet to add 6 drops of concentrated sulfuric acid. ...
... Place a 25-mL round bottom flask (19/22 from blue kit) into a small beaker and tare them on the balance. Weigh 3.2 g of isoamyl alcohol directly into the flask. Add 5 mL of glacial acetic acid and 3 boiling chips to the flask. Finally, use a clean pipet to add 6 drops of concentrated sulfuric acid. ...
Going Bananas Over Isoamyl Acetate
... Place a 25-mL round bottom flask (19/22 from blue kit) into a small beaker and tare them on the balance. Weigh 3.2 g of isoamyl alcohol directly into the flask. Add 5 mL of glacial acetic acid and 3 boiling chips to the flask. Finally, use a clean pipet to add 6 drops of concentrated sulfuric acid. ...
... Place a 25-mL round bottom flask (19/22 from blue kit) into a small beaker and tare them on the balance. Weigh 3.2 g of isoamyl alcohol directly into the flask. Add 5 mL of glacial acetic acid and 3 boiling chips to the flask. Finally, use a clean pipet to add 6 drops of concentrated sulfuric acid. ...
CN>Chapter 22CT>Carbonyl Alpha
... Intramolecular a-alkylation in the Favorskii rearrangement proceeds via enolate anion generated within the molecule. The molecule must contain a leaving group, usually a halide. The purpose of the reaction is two fold: 1. Molecular rearrangements of ketones to carboxylic acids and 2. Ring contractio ...
... Intramolecular a-alkylation in the Favorskii rearrangement proceeds via enolate anion generated within the molecule. The molecule must contain a leaving group, usually a halide. The purpose of the reaction is two fold: 1. Molecular rearrangements of ketones to carboxylic acids and 2. Ring contractio ...
Chapter 13 Alcohols, Phenols, and Ethers
... • IUPAC name: Name the smaller of the two R groups as an alkoxy group attached to the parent chain by replacing the –yl ending of the R group with –oxy. • Common name: Name the groups attached to the oxygen alphabetically and add the word ether. ...
... • IUPAC name: Name the smaller of the two R groups as an alkoxy group attached to the parent chain by replacing the –yl ending of the R group with –oxy. • Common name: Name the groups attached to the oxygen alphabetically and add the word ether. ...
PDF
... NAMING ALCOHOLS Step 1: Name the longest chain to which the –OH group is attached. Use the hydrocarbon name of the chain, drop the final –e, and replace it with –ol. Step 2: Number the longest chain to give the lowest number to the carbon with the attached –OH. Step 3: Locate the –OH position. ...
... NAMING ALCOHOLS Step 1: Name the longest chain to which the –OH group is attached. Use the hydrocarbon name of the chain, drop the final –e, and replace it with –ol. Step 2: Number the longest chain to give the lowest number to the carbon with the attached –OH. Step 3: Locate the –OH position. ...
Organic Chem Class #2
... compounds are all found in nature. For a while, at the beginning, some molecules were considered “organic”, which meant that only living things (plants and animals) could produce them. Urea was the first organic molecule that scientists synthesized, and they’ve been busy since. The organic molecules ...
... compounds are all found in nature. For a while, at the beginning, some molecules were considered “organic”, which meant that only living things (plants and animals) could produce them. Urea was the first organic molecule that scientists synthesized, and they’ve been busy since. The organic molecules ...
PPT
... PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF ALCOHOLS, cont. • Larger alkanes have greater hydrophobic regions and are less soluble or insoluble in water. • Water interacts only with the –OH group of 1-heptanol: ...
... PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF ALCOHOLS, cont. • Larger alkanes have greater hydrophobic regions and are less soluble or insoluble in water. • Water interacts only with the –OH group of 1-heptanol: ...
Functional Groups
... 3. Alkynes Are unsaturated hydrocarbons (contain ONLY hydrogen and carbon atoms) which contain one or more triple bonds between carbon atoms. E.g. ethyne H C C H Alkyne Nomenclature 1. Use suffix “yne” to denote a triple carbon bond, indicating the location of the bond by number. Again, use the ...
... 3. Alkynes Are unsaturated hydrocarbons (contain ONLY hydrogen and carbon atoms) which contain one or more triple bonds between carbon atoms. E.g. ethyne H C C H Alkyne Nomenclature 1. Use suffix “yne” to denote a triple carbon bond, indicating the location of the bond by number. Again, use the ...
Document
... CI 13.1, Act A4.1b The feature of a halogenoalkane molecule that allows it to undergo substitution reaction is the presence of a polar bond between the halogen atom and the carbon atom to which it is bonded. The halogen atom is slightly negatively charged and the carbon atom is slightly positively c ...
... CI 13.1, Act A4.1b The feature of a halogenoalkane molecule that allows it to undergo substitution reaction is the presence of a polar bond between the halogen atom and the carbon atom to which it is bonded. The halogen atom is slightly negatively charged and the carbon atom is slightly positively c ...
ALKENES INTRODUCING
... Reactions where the chlorine or bromine are in solution (for example, "bromine water") are slightly more complicated and are treated separately at the end. Simple reactions involving halogens In each case, we will look at ethene as typical of all of the alkenes. There are no complications as far as ...
... Reactions where the chlorine or bromine are in solution (for example, "bromine water") are slightly more complicated and are treated separately at the end. Simple reactions involving halogens In each case, we will look at ethene as typical of all of the alkenes. There are no complications as far as ...
Introducton of Organic Chemistry in Healthy Sciences ( by Dr. Alaa J
... found in rocks and other nonliving matter. chemists believed that they could not synthesize any organic compound by starting with only inorganic compounds. This theory was very easy to disprove if, indeed, it was wrong. Friedrich Wohler (1800–1882) carried out just such an experiment. He heated an a ...
... found in rocks and other nonliving matter. chemists believed that they could not synthesize any organic compound by starting with only inorganic compounds. This theory was very easy to disprove if, indeed, it was wrong. Friedrich Wohler (1800–1882) carried out just such an experiment. He heated an a ...
Alcohol - djkuranui
... • Hydroxyl group is polar and allows for hydrogen bonding to water molecules – Alcohols have high melting and boiling points than corresponding alkanes – Alcohols with fewer than 7 carbons are liquids are room temp • Methanol and ethanol are colourless, have low boiling points, and are liquids with ...
... • Hydroxyl group is polar and allows for hydrogen bonding to water molecules – Alcohols have high melting and boiling points than corresponding alkanes – Alcohols with fewer than 7 carbons are liquids are room temp • Methanol and ethanol are colourless, have low boiling points, and are liquids with ...
1044771584 - Papacambridge
... (ii) Write an ionic equation for the formation of lead iodide, PbI2, when potassium iodide and lead nitrate react with each other. State symbols are not required. ...
... (ii) Write an ionic equation for the formation of lead iodide, PbI2, when potassium iodide and lead nitrate react with each other. State symbols are not required. ...
LOYOLA COLLEGE (AUTONOMOUS), CHENNAI – 600 034
... and forms dioxime with hydroxylamine. It gives positive test with Tollen’s reagent and also forms iodoform. Suggest a suitable structure of the compound. 24. a) Two isomeric hydrocarbons A and B have molecular formula C8H10. A on oxidation gives benzoic acid while a dicarboxylic acid is formed by th ...
... and forms dioxime with hydroxylamine. It gives positive test with Tollen’s reagent and also forms iodoform. Suggest a suitable structure of the compound. 24. a) Two isomeric hydrocarbons A and B have molecular formula C8H10. A on oxidation gives benzoic acid while a dicarboxylic acid is formed by th ...
The Formation of 2,2,4-Trimethyl-2,3-dihydro-1H-1,5
... Reactions of o-phenylenediamine with a dicarboxylic acid can produce several different products depending on the specific conditions [1]. In the presence of cyclization agents such as hydrochloric acid or polyphosphoric acid, these reactions have been reported to give benzimidazoles [2,3]. This is a ...
... Reactions of o-phenylenediamine with a dicarboxylic acid can produce several different products depending on the specific conditions [1]. In the presence of cyclization agents such as hydrochloric acid or polyphosphoric acid, these reactions have been reported to give benzimidazoles [2,3]. This is a ...
Haloalkane
The haloalkanes (also known, as halogenoalkanes or alkyl halides) are a group of chemical compounds derived from alkanes containing one or more halogens. They are a subset of the general class of halocarbons, although the distinction is not often made. Haloalkanes are widely used commercially and, consequently, are known under many chemical and commercial names. They are used as flame retardants, fire extinguishants, refrigerants, propellants, solvents, and pharmaceuticals. Subsequent to the widespread use in commerce, many halocarbons have also been shown to be serious pollutants and toxins. For example, the chlorofluorocarbons have been shown to lead to ozone depletion. Methyl bromide is a controversial fumigant. Only haloalkanes which contain chlorine, bromine, and iodine are a threat to the ozone layer, but fluorinated volatile haloalkanes in theory may have activity as greenhouse gases. Methyl iodide, a naturally occurring substance, however, does not have ozone-depleting properties and the United States Environmental Protection Agency has designated the compound a non-ozone layer depleter. For more information, see Halomethane. Haloalkane or alkyl halides are the compounds which have the general formula ″RX″ where R is an alkyl or substituted alkyl group and X is a halogen (F, Cl, Br, I).Haloalkanes have been known for centuries. Chloroethane was produced synthetically in the 15th century. The systematic synthesis of such compounds developed in the 19th century in step with the development of organic chemistry and the understanding of the structure of alkanes. Methods were developed for the selective formation of C-halogen bonds. Especially versatile methods included the addition of halogens to alkenes, hydrohalogenation of alkenes, and the conversion of alcohols to alkyl halides. These methods are so reliable and so easily implemented that haloalkanes became cheaply available for use in industrial chemistry because the halide could be further replaced by other functional groups.While most haloalkanes are human-produced, non-artificial-source haloalkanes do occur on Earth, mostly through enzyme-mediated synthesis by bacteria, fungi, and especially sea macroalgae (seaweeds). More than 1600 halogenated organics have been identified, with bromoalkanes being the most common haloalkanes. Brominated organics in biology range from biologically produced methyl bromide to non-alkane aromatics and unsaturates (indoles, terpenes, acetogenins, and phenols). Halogenated alkanes in land plants are more rare, but do occur, as for example the fluoroacetate produced as a toxin by at least 40 species of known plants. Specific dehalogenase enzymes in bacteria which remove halogens from haloalkanes, are also known.