Epoxidation of Alkenes with Bicarbonate
... several other water-soluble alkenes (Table 1). In all cases, reactions without added bicarbonate salt are negligible after 24 h under similar conditions (as a control, replacement of NaHCO3 by (NH4)2HPO4 provided comparable ionic strength and pH). The water-soluble alkenes in Table 1 are mostly term ...
... several other water-soluble alkenes (Table 1). In all cases, reactions without added bicarbonate salt are negligible after 24 h under similar conditions (as a control, replacement of NaHCO3 by (NH4)2HPO4 provided comparable ionic strength and pH). The water-soluble alkenes in Table 1 are mostly term ...
Chapter 18 - people.vcu.edu
... o HCN is a toxic gas, so most often it is made in situ from excess NaCN and HCl. o Step one: cyanide ion attacks the carbonyl. ...
... o HCN is a toxic gas, so most often it is made in situ from excess NaCN and HCl. o Step one: cyanide ion attacks the carbonyl. ...
4888 Journal of the American Chemical Society 1OO:lS 1 July 19
... (RSeOH), respectively, to form olefins. Alkyl iodide oxides (iodoso compounds), although unknown as stable compound^,^ should also be capable of a similar syn elimination of hypoiodous acid (IOH). Alkyl iodides are inert to a number of oxidizing agents such as ozone, periodate, and hydrogen peroxide ...
... (RSeOH), respectively, to form olefins. Alkyl iodide oxides (iodoso compounds), although unknown as stable compound^,^ should also be capable of a similar syn elimination of hypoiodous acid (IOH). Alkyl iodides are inert to a number of oxidizing agents such as ozone, periodate, and hydrogen peroxide ...
Chapter 1 Chemical Bonding and Chemical Structure
... whether they are primary, secondary or tertiary • Fewer than 5 carbons usually = solubility in water ...
... whether they are primary, secondary or tertiary • Fewer than 5 carbons usually = solubility in water ...
Reprint - Horizon Research Publishing
... system. Aryloxy β-amino alcohol functionality is the key pharmacophore in β-blockers. Propranolol is the prototype agent for this class of compounds, which affects β1 and β2 receptors. The classical approach and the most straight forward synthetic route for the preparation of β-amino alcohols, invol ...
... system. Aryloxy β-amino alcohol functionality is the key pharmacophore in β-blockers. Propranolol is the prototype agent for this class of compounds, which affects β1 and β2 receptors. The classical approach and the most straight forward synthetic route for the preparation of β-amino alcohols, invol ...
File
... Boiling points increase. The alcohols are all primary and hydrogen bond, the only difference is in the length of the carbon chain. The longer the carbon chain the more weak intermolecular forces between the compounds (b) ...
... Boiling points increase. The alcohols are all primary and hydrogen bond, the only difference is in the length of the carbon chain. The longer the carbon chain the more weak intermolecular forces between the compounds (b) ...
EXPERIMENT 6: Reactions of Carbonyl Compounds: Qualitative
... Only carbonyl compounds with -methyl groups undergo the carbon-carbon cleavage that produce the haloform and the corresponding carboxylic acid. This is due to the weakened bond that only results when three halogens are attached to the carbon (making it a sufficient leaving group). Methyl secondary ...
... Only carbonyl compounds with -methyl groups undergo the carbon-carbon cleavage that produce the haloform and the corresponding carboxylic acid. This is due to the weakened bond that only results when three halogens are attached to the carbon (making it a sufficient leaving group). Methyl secondary ...
39 ESTERIFICATION: PREPARATION OF BENZYL ACETATE
... theoretical yield increases to 85%. When one is tripled, it goes to 90%. But note that in the example cited, the boiling point of the relatively nonpolar ester is only about 8°C higher than the boiling points of the polar acetic acid and 1-butanol, so a difficult separation problem exists if either ...
... theoretical yield increases to 85%. When one is tripled, it goes to 90%. But note that in the example cited, the boiling point of the relatively nonpolar ester is only about 8°C higher than the boiling points of the polar acetic acid and 1-butanol, so a difficult separation problem exists if either ...
Document
... similar physical properties, such as boiling points, melting points, and solubilities. Physical properties are largely determined by intermolecular forces, the forces of attraction and repulsion between particles. Three types of intermolecular forces are introduced below. You will examine these forc ...
... similar physical properties, such as boiling points, melting points, and solubilities. Physical properties are largely determined by intermolecular forces, the forces of attraction and repulsion between particles. Three types of intermolecular forces are introduced below. You will examine these forc ...
on nomenclature. compounds other than hydrocarbons%
... that a structure is to be written for a compound having the name 3-methoxybutanal. The suffix -a1 is the IUPAC suffix for aldehyde; therefore the compound is an aldehyde and the function is -CHO. 2. The next step is to set up the carbon chain that includes the aldehyde carbon. The prefix butan- deno ...
... that a structure is to be written for a compound having the name 3-methoxybutanal. The suffix -a1 is the IUPAC suffix for aldehyde; therefore the compound is an aldehyde and the function is -CHO. 2. The next step is to set up the carbon chain that includes the aldehyde carbon. The prefix butan- deno ...
CHEM2211_Preps_for_labs_A
... Assess the relationship between carbocation (alkylation of p-xylene and rearrangement and arene nucleophilicity. microscale procedures) e3 Isolate the product. 2. Complete Exercises: pp. e4 Characterize and analyze. 488-493 questions 1, 3, 7, 10 e5 Present, analyze, discuss results in a written repo ...
... Assess the relationship between carbocation (alkylation of p-xylene and rearrangement and arene nucleophilicity. microscale procedures) e3 Isolate the product. 2. Complete Exercises: pp. e4 Characterize and analyze. 488-493 questions 1, 3, 7, 10 e5 Present, analyze, discuss results in a written repo ...
jDonvert the following Fischer projections to dimensional formulas
... CH3 Answer (write the compound letter(s) ...
... CH3 Answer (write the compound letter(s) ...
CHAPTER 11 BONDING AND MOLECULAR STRUCTURE:
... • Steam cracking for the formation of ethylene, ethene, from ethane. ...
... • Steam cracking for the formation of ethylene, ethene, from ethane. ...
Chapter 19 Amines
... Basicity of Amines • Lone pair of electrons on nitrogen can accept a proton from an acid • Aqueous solutions are basic to litmus. • Ammonia pKb = 4.74 • Alkyl amines are usually stronger bases than ammonia. Increasing the number of alkyl groups decreases solvation of ion, so 2 and 3 amines are si ...
... Basicity of Amines • Lone pair of electrons on nitrogen can accept a proton from an acid • Aqueous solutions are basic to litmus. • Ammonia pKb = 4.74 • Alkyl amines are usually stronger bases than ammonia. Increasing the number of alkyl groups decreases solvation of ion, so 2 and 3 amines are si ...
16.5 Glycosides
... aqueous solution of the carbohydrate.A trace of acid is added as a catalyst. En4rmes act as the catalyst in biological systems.Hydrolysis reactions will be important as we proceed into biochemistry since they are the means by which sugars, fats, and proteins are broken dornmto simple materials by ...
... aqueous solution of the carbohydrate.A trace of acid is added as a catalyst. En4rmes act as the catalyst in biological systems.Hydrolysis reactions will be important as we proceed into biochemistry since they are the means by which sugars, fats, and proteins are broken dornmto simple materials by ...
Chapter 11 Carboxylic Anhydrides, Esters, and Amides
... The functional group of an ester is a carbonyl group bonded to an -OR group. R may be alkyl or aryl. • Both IUPAC and common names of esters are derived from the names of the parent carboxylic acids. • Name the alkyl or aryl group bonded to oxygen first, followed by the name of the acid; replace the ...
... The functional group of an ester is a carbonyl group bonded to an -OR group. R may be alkyl or aryl. • Both IUPAC and common names of esters are derived from the names of the parent carboxylic acids. • Name the alkyl or aryl group bonded to oxygen first, followed by the name of the acid; replace the ...
Reactions to know from Chapters 17, 18, 19
... Starting with either an aldehyde or a ketone, you can see that the hemiacetals formed are characterized by having a carbon bonded to an OH- group and an OR- group. Here, the oxygen of the alcohol attacks and bonds with the carbonyl carbon of the aldehyde or ketone If the alcohol group and the ...
... Starting with either an aldehyde or a ketone, you can see that the hemiacetals formed are characterized by having a carbon bonded to an OH- group and an OR- group. Here, the oxygen of the alcohol attacks and bonds with the carbonyl carbon of the aldehyde or ketone If the alcohol group and the ...
Chapter 1 Structure and Bonding
... Physical Properties 1) Same molecular formula as Alcohol: CnH2n+2O 2) No Hydrogen Bonding is possible in R—O—R 3) Boiling Points are much lower than alcohols, more like haloalkanes 4) Water solubility much less than alcohols a) MeOMe and EtOEt have some water solubility b) Larger ethers are insolubl ...
... Physical Properties 1) Same molecular formula as Alcohol: CnH2n+2O 2) No Hydrogen Bonding is possible in R—O—R 3) Boiling Points are much lower than alcohols, more like haloalkanes 4) Water solubility much less than alcohols a) MeOMe and EtOEt have some water solubility b) Larger ethers are insolubl ...
Alcohols and Phenols
... can lead to dehydration of secondary and tertiary alcohols at low temperatures An E2 via an intermediate ester of POCl2 ...
... can lead to dehydration of secondary and tertiary alcohols at low temperatures An E2 via an intermediate ester of POCl2 ...
Chapter 9
... • Addition of a reagent such as HCl to an alkene • The electrophilic hydrogen approaches the p electrons of ...
... • Addition of a reagent such as HCl to an alkene • The electrophilic hydrogen approaches the p electrons of ...
Compounds of Chlorine
... Lewis acidic metal center. Indeed some bridging halides are asymmetric consistent with this view; however, the symmetrical ones can be described by a resonance form. From a molecular orbital point of view, the bridging halide is represented by a combination of two metal centered orbitals with two ha ...
... Lewis acidic metal center. Indeed some bridging halides are asymmetric consistent with this view; however, the symmetrical ones can be described by a resonance form. From a molecular orbital point of view, the bridging halide is represented by a combination of two metal centered orbitals with two ha ...
Synthesis of n-Butyl Acetate via Esterification
... In a 5-mL short-necked round-bottomed flask, place 0.2 g of Dowex 50X2-l00 ion-exchange resin [Note: The Dowex resin as received should be washed with water by decantation to remove much of the yellow color. It is then collected by vacuum filtration on a Buchner funnel before use], 0.61 g (0.58 mL) ...
... In a 5-mL short-necked round-bottomed flask, place 0.2 g of Dowex 50X2-l00 ion-exchange resin [Note: The Dowex resin as received should be washed with water by decantation to remove much of the yellow color. It is then collected by vacuum filtration on a Buchner funnel before use], 0.61 g (0.58 mL) ...
Acidity of Alcohols
... • Yeast is killed by ethanol concentrations in excess of about 15%, and that limits the purity of the ethanol that can be produced. The ethanol is separated from the mixture by fractional distillation to give 96% pure ethanol. • For theoretical reasons, it is impossible to remove the last 4% of wate ...
... • Yeast is killed by ethanol concentrations in excess of about 15%, and that limits the purity of the ethanol that can be produced. The ethanol is separated from the mixture by fractional distillation to give 96% pure ethanol. • For theoretical reasons, it is impossible to remove the last 4% of wate ...
Haloalkane
The haloalkanes (also known, as halogenoalkanes or alkyl halides) are a group of chemical compounds derived from alkanes containing one or more halogens. They are a subset of the general class of halocarbons, although the distinction is not often made. Haloalkanes are widely used commercially and, consequently, are known under many chemical and commercial names. They are used as flame retardants, fire extinguishants, refrigerants, propellants, solvents, and pharmaceuticals. Subsequent to the widespread use in commerce, many halocarbons have also been shown to be serious pollutants and toxins. For example, the chlorofluorocarbons have been shown to lead to ozone depletion. Methyl bromide is a controversial fumigant. Only haloalkanes which contain chlorine, bromine, and iodine are a threat to the ozone layer, but fluorinated volatile haloalkanes in theory may have activity as greenhouse gases. Methyl iodide, a naturally occurring substance, however, does not have ozone-depleting properties and the United States Environmental Protection Agency has designated the compound a non-ozone layer depleter. For more information, see Halomethane. Haloalkane or alkyl halides are the compounds which have the general formula ″RX″ where R is an alkyl or substituted alkyl group and X is a halogen (F, Cl, Br, I).Haloalkanes have been known for centuries. Chloroethane was produced synthetically in the 15th century. The systematic synthesis of such compounds developed in the 19th century in step with the development of organic chemistry and the understanding of the structure of alkanes. Methods were developed for the selective formation of C-halogen bonds. Especially versatile methods included the addition of halogens to alkenes, hydrohalogenation of alkenes, and the conversion of alcohols to alkyl halides. These methods are so reliable and so easily implemented that haloalkanes became cheaply available for use in industrial chemistry because the halide could be further replaced by other functional groups.While most haloalkanes are human-produced, non-artificial-source haloalkanes do occur on Earth, mostly through enzyme-mediated synthesis by bacteria, fungi, and especially sea macroalgae (seaweeds). More than 1600 halogenated organics have been identified, with bromoalkanes being the most common haloalkanes. Brominated organics in biology range from biologically produced methyl bromide to non-alkane aromatics and unsaturates (indoles, terpenes, acetogenins, and phenols). Halogenated alkanes in land plants are more rare, but do occur, as for example the fluoroacetate produced as a toxin by at least 40 species of known plants. Specific dehalogenase enzymes in bacteria which remove halogens from haloalkanes, are also known.