Features of Hepatitis Viruses: Hepatitis Viruses Antigens
... Hepatitis B e antigen. Associated with HBV nucleocapsid; indicates viral replication; circulates as soluble antigen in serum. ...
... Hepatitis B e antigen. Associated with HBV nucleocapsid; indicates viral replication; circulates as soluble antigen in serum. ...
Urbanization and Vector-Borne Disease Emergence
... This mosquito breeds in dirty water, and often breeds The most important vectors for JEV are in the Culex in latrines and artificial containers. The related Culex sitiens group, which are known for their preference to pipiens and Culex pipiens molestus also has a pref- breed in rice fields, where th ...
... This mosquito breeds in dirty water, and often breeds The most important vectors for JEV are in the Culex in latrines and artificial containers. The related Culex sitiens group, which are known for their preference to pipiens and Culex pipiens molestus also has a pref- breed in rice fields, where th ...
Infectious bovine rhinotracheitis/infectious pustular vulvovaginitis
... the virus may switch between latent and lytic infection and may be shed intermittently into the environment and spread to contact animals. BoHV-1 infection elicits an antibody response and a cell-mediated immune response within 7–14 days. The immune response is presumed to persist life-long, althoug ...
... the virus may switch between latent and lytic infection and may be shed intermittently into the environment and spread to contact animals. BoHV-1 infection elicits an antibody response and a cell-mediated immune response within 7–14 days. The immune response is presumed to persist life-long, althoug ...
The Discovery of the 27-nm Norwalk Virus: An Historic
... material from ill volunteers from the Norwalk outbreak, I extended the IEM studies [30] and examined the Norwalk agent stool filtrates, using a volunteer’s convalescent serum as the source of antibody [31]. In June 1972, almost 20 months after beginning such studies, I examined a Norwalk agent stool ...
... material from ill volunteers from the Norwalk outbreak, I extended the IEM studies [30] and examined the Norwalk agent stool filtrates, using a volunteer’s convalescent serum as the source of antibody [31]. In June 1972, almost 20 months after beginning such studies, I examined a Norwalk agent stool ...
Detecting Antibodies against Infectious Bronchitis Virus Using an
... injection of inactivated vaccine as well as commercial one. These data was agreed with the HI results. In non-vaccinated group OD was lower than cut off (0.196) in experimental ELISA. Also, the titer of HI test was parallel with the ELISAs results and was negative in this group during the observatio ...
... injection of inactivated vaccine as well as commercial one. These data was agreed with the HI results. In non-vaccinated group OD was lower than cut off (0.196) in experimental ELISA. Also, the titer of HI test was parallel with the ELISAs results and was negative in this group during the observatio ...
Times to key events in the course of Zika infection and their
... the incubation period of Zika virus, 2) the time and duration of viral shedding, and 3) the time to antibody seropositivity. We reviewed text, tables, and figures for information that allowed us to bound the time of: 1) exposure to Zika virus, 2) symptom onset, 3) collection of samples for Zika viru ...
... the incubation period of Zika virus, 2) the time and duration of viral shedding, and 3) the time to antibody seropositivity. We reviewed text, tables, and figures for information that allowed us to bound the time of: 1) exposure to Zika virus, 2) symptom onset, 3) collection of samples for Zika viru ...
Global surveillance of emerging diseases
... Switzerland in April 1996, was not officially reported by Switzerland to WHO until late July. It is possible that during that interval, in the absence of an alert to physicians and the traveling public, other tourists went to Brazil without bothering to get vaccinated (Brazilian authorities recommen ...
... Switzerland in April 1996, was not officially reported by Switzerland to WHO until late July. It is possible that during that interval, in the absence of an alert to physicians and the traveling public, other tourists went to Brazil without bothering to get vaccinated (Brazilian authorities recommen ...
Quantification of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 by Reverse
... was illustrated by Schuurman et al. in a study of lamivudine monotherapy that was also published in the Journal [24]. Whereas viral mRNA transcripts as well as full-length genomic RNA are found within HIV-1–infected cells, only genomic RNA is found in virion particles from infected plasma or serum. ...
... was illustrated by Schuurman et al. in a study of lamivudine monotherapy that was also published in the Journal [24]. Whereas viral mRNA transcripts as well as full-length genomic RNA are found within HIV-1–infected cells, only genomic RNA is found in virion particles from infected plasma or serum. ...
Rate of Multiplication in the Mouse Lung of Unadapted and Adapted
... R.P.M. for 5 minutes; the supernates were removed, sealed in glass, frozen in an aicohol-solid CO, bath, and stored in a solid CO2 refrigerated cabinet. Infected allantoic fluid was harvested, diluted 10-fold with normal horse serum, sealed in glass, frozen, and stored as above. As needed, ampoules ...
... R.P.M. for 5 minutes; the supernates were removed, sealed in glass, frozen in an aicohol-solid CO, bath, and stored in a solid CO2 refrigerated cabinet. Infected allantoic fluid was harvested, diluted 10-fold with normal horse serum, sealed in glass, frozen, and stored as above. As needed, ampoules ...
Hepatitis
... birth – Babies with Hep B can get very sick, can develop chronic infection and spread Hep B, can get cirrhosis or liver cancer – Pregnant women should be tested for Hep B – Babies should get Hep B vaccine at birth ...
... birth – Babies with Hep B can get very sick, can develop chronic infection and spread Hep B, can get cirrhosis or liver cancer – Pregnant women should be tested for Hep B – Babies should get Hep B vaccine at birth ...
R 0 - The Chinese University of Hong Kong
... Sufficient herd immunity that will protect the community from further epidemics will only be achieved at the expense of this magnitude of community infection; 2. An epidemic will die down only when the basic reproductive number, Ro (number of people infected by a patient) is less than one. This can ...
... Sufficient herd immunity that will protect the community from further epidemics will only be achieved at the expense of this magnitude of community infection; 2. An epidemic will die down only when the basic reproductive number, Ro (number of people infected by a patient) is less than one. This can ...
Poliomyelitis: Current Status in Iran and Worldwide
... less pronounced in tropical areas. The time between first exposure and first symptoms, known as the incubation period, is usually 6 to 20 days, with a maximum range of three to 35 days. Virus particles are excreted in the feces for several weeks following initial infection. The disease is transmitte ...
... less pronounced in tropical areas. The time between first exposure and first symptoms, known as the incubation period, is usually 6 to 20 days, with a maximum range of three to 35 days. Virus particles are excreted in the feces for several weeks following initial infection. The disease is transmitte ...
WHat is Hepatitis? - Tan Tock Seng Hospital
... regime for treatment. It is believed to act by preventing viral replication and boosting the body’s immune system ...
... regime for treatment. It is believed to act by preventing viral replication and boosting the body’s immune system ...
File
... Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), also called human herpes virus 4 (HHV-4) is part of the herpes virus family. The virus was first revealed in 1964 by Michael Epstein and Yvonne Barr during their research on Burkett’s lymphoma (Grywalska et al, 2013). EBV virions have a doublestranded, linear DNA genome enc ...
... Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), also called human herpes virus 4 (HHV-4) is part of the herpes virus family. The virus was first revealed in 1964 by Michael Epstein and Yvonne Barr during their research on Burkett’s lymphoma (Grywalska et al, 2013). EBV virions have a doublestranded, linear DNA genome enc ...
REPORTABLE INFECTIOUS DISEASES IN MICHIGAN
... About 10 – 20% of individuals infected with E. histolytica become sick and develop disease symptoms, which are often mild. Symptoms include loose stools, abdominal pain and cramping. Amebic dysentery is a severe form of amebiasis associated with abdominal pain, bloody or mucoid stool, diarrhea, and ...
... About 10 – 20% of individuals infected with E. histolytica become sick and develop disease symptoms, which are often mild. Symptoms include loose stools, abdominal pain and cramping. Amebic dysentery is a severe form of amebiasis associated with abdominal pain, bloody or mucoid stool, diarrhea, and ...
Molecular Evolution and Phylogeography of Co
... clusters. In contrast, all Italian IHNV isolates fell within genogroup E, for which only a single genetic cluster was identified. More striking was that IHNV has evolved more rapidly than VHSV (mean rates of 11 and 7.3 × 10−4 nucleotide substitutions per site, per year, respectively), indicating tha ...
... clusters. In contrast, all Italian IHNV isolates fell within genogroup E, for which only a single genetic cluster was identified. More striking was that IHNV has evolved more rapidly than VHSV (mean rates of 11 and 7.3 × 10−4 nucleotide substitutions per site, per year, respectively), indicating tha ...
Summary of proposed changes, rationale and actions required Agent Approved List
... ACDP/98/P6 Annex 1 ...
... ACDP/98/P6 Annex 1 ...
Viral Hepatitis in Infants and Children
... Fecal-oral transmission Poor hygiene High population density Daycare centers and minor epidemics ...
... Fecal-oral transmission Poor hygiene High population density Daycare centers and minor epidemics ...
6 Brief Resume of the intended work 6.1 Need for the study Dengue
... particularly important, as patients may die within 12 to 24 hours if appropriate treatment is not administered. 3 Dengue viraemia in a patient is short, typically occurs 2–3 days prior to the onset of fever and lasts for four to seven days of illness. During this period the dengue virus, its nucleic ...
... particularly important, as patients may die within 12 to 24 hours if appropriate treatment is not administered. 3 Dengue viraemia in a patient is short, typically occurs 2–3 days prior to the onset of fever and lasts for four to seven days of illness. During this period the dengue virus, its nucleic ...
The Role of Disease Transmission and Conferred Immunity in
... pathway was negligible. We then used the incidence data to assess the fraction of outbreak cases attributable to personperson transmission and the preventable fraction of outbreak cases associated with closing the treatment plant. Second, we examined the hypothesis that person-environment-person tra ...
... pathway was negligible. We then used the incidence data to assess the fraction of outbreak cases attributable to personperson transmission and the preventable fraction of outbreak cases associated with closing the treatment plant. Second, we examined the hypothesis that person-environment-person tra ...
Urbanization and the Epidemiology of Infectious Diseases
... - Partial protection by maternal antibodies - All children immune by 4 years of age ...
... - Partial protection by maternal antibodies - All children immune by 4 years of age ...
Furtive foes: algal viruses as potential invaders
... Algal virus invasions After introduction, successful viral invasions require access to a suitable host population because they cannot reproduce outside their host. The geographical range of potential host algae and the host range of the introduced virus are important for assessing the potential for ...
... Algal virus invasions After introduction, successful viral invasions require access to a suitable host population because they cannot reproduce outside their host. The geographical range of potential host algae and the host range of the introduced virus are important for assessing the potential for ...
PORCINE RESPIRATORY DISEASE COMPLEX (PRDC): A REVIEW
... In mycoplasmosis and PRRS, the infection occurs mainly aerogenically throughout a direct contact (Goodwin & Whittlestone, 1967; Farrington, 1976; Benfield et al., 1999). The airborne transmission of PRRS takes place only within several metres (Toremorrell et al., 1997), but in case of mycoplasmosis, ...
... In mycoplasmosis and PRRS, the infection occurs mainly aerogenically throughout a direct contact (Goodwin & Whittlestone, 1967; Farrington, 1976; Benfield et al., 1999). The airborne transmission of PRRS takes place only within several metres (Toremorrell et al., 1997), but in case of mycoplasmosis, ...
Infectious salmon anaemia virus genesig Standard Kit
... Infectious salmon anaemia is an infectious viral disease affecting Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar). The disease is caused by infectious salmon anaemia virus (ISAV), a negative sense single strand RNA virus. ISA virus is an enveloped virus around 90-130nm in diameter, with a linear genome ~13.5 Kb in l ...
... Infectious salmon anaemia is an infectious viral disease affecting Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar). The disease is caused by infectious salmon anaemia virus (ISAV), a negative sense single strand RNA virus. ISA virus is an enveloped virus around 90-130nm in diameter, with a linear genome ~13.5 Kb in l ...
Ebola virus disease
Ebola virus disease (EVD; also Ebola hemorrhagic fever, or EHF), or simply Ebola, is a disease of humans and other primates caused by ebolaviruses. Signs and symptoms typically start between two days and three weeks after contracting the virus with a fever, sore throat, muscular pain, and headaches. Then, vomiting, diarrhea and rash usually follow, along with decreased function of the liver and kidneys. At this time some people begin to bleed both internally and externally. The disease has a high risk of death, killing between 25 and 90 percent of those infected, with an average of about 50 percent. This is often due to low blood pressure from fluid loss, and typically follows six to sixteen days after symptoms appear.The virus spreads by direct contact with body fluids, such as blood, of an infected human or other animals. This may also occur through contact with an item recently contaminated with bodily fluids. Spread of the disease through the air between primates, including humans, has not been documented in either laboratory or natural conditions. Semen or breast milk of a person after recovery from EVD may still carry the virus for several weeks to months. Fruit bats are believed to be the normal carrier in nature, able to spread the virus without being affected by it. Other diseases such as malaria, cholera, typhoid fever, meningitis and other viral hemorrhagic fevers may resemble EVD. Blood samples are tested for viral RNA, viral antibodies or for the virus itself to confirm the diagnosis.Control of outbreaks requires coordinated medical services, alongside a certain level of community engagement. The medical services include rapid detection of cases of disease, contact tracing of those who have come into contact with infected individuals, quick access to laboratory services, proper healthcare for those who are infected, and proper disposal of the dead through cremation or burial. Samples of body fluids and tissues from people with the disease should be handled with special caution. Prevention includes limiting the spread of disease from infected animals to humans. This may be done by handling potentially infected bush meat only while wearing protective clothing and by thoroughly cooking it before eating it. It also includes wearing proper protective clothing and washing hands when around a person with the disease. No specific treatment or vaccine for the virus is available, although a number of potential treatments are being studied. Supportive efforts, however, improve outcomes. This includes either oral rehydration therapy (drinking slightly sweetened and salty water) or giving intravenous fluids as well as treating symptoms.The disease was first identified in 1976 in two simultaneous outbreaks, one in Nzara, and the other in Yambuku, a village near the Ebola River from which the disease takes its name. EVD outbreaks occur intermittently in tropical regions of sub-Saharan Africa. Between 1976 and 2013, the World Health Organization reports a total of 24 outbreaks involving 1,716 cases. The largest outbreak is the ongoing epidemic in West Africa, still affecting Guinea and Sierra Leone. {{#section:Ebola virus epidemic in West Africa|casesasof}}, this outbreak has {{#section:Ebola virus epidemic in West Africa|cases}} reported cases resulting in {{#section:Ebola virus epidemic in West Africa|deaths}} deaths.{{#section:Ebola virus epidemic in West Africa|caserefs}}