Atoms, molecules and ions
... • Atomic number: The number of protons in the nucleus of each atom of a given element • Atomic mass: The total number of neutrons and protons contained in the nucleus of an atom • All atoms of an element have the same number of protons, but not necessarily the same number of neutrons • Atoms that ha ...
... • Atomic number: The number of protons in the nucleus of each atom of a given element • Atomic mass: The total number of neutrons and protons contained in the nucleus of an atom • All atoms of an element have the same number of protons, but not necessarily the same number of neutrons • Atoms that ha ...
HIV
... • Nucleotide analogs (NtRTI) already contain a phosphate group and only go through 2 steps to become active. • The 5’-triphosphate of the NRTI’s compete with the 2’-deoxynucleoside’s 5’-triphosphate for binding to reverse transcriptase leading to viral DNA chain termination3. ...
... • Nucleotide analogs (NtRTI) already contain a phosphate group and only go through 2 steps to become active. • The 5’-triphosphate of the NRTI’s compete with the 2’-deoxynucleoside’s 5’-triphosphate for binding to reverse transcriptase leading to viral DNA chain termination3. ...
APPROVED DRUG PRODUCTS WITH THERAPEUTIC EQUIVALENCE
... bioequivalent if they are pharmaceutical equivalents whose rate and extent of absorption are not statistically different when administered to subjects at the same molar dose under similar experimental conditions Bioequivalence use to ...
... bioequivalent if they are pharmaceutical equivalents whose rate and extent of absorption are not statistically different when administered to subjects at the same molar dose under similar experimental conditions Bioequivalence use to ...
Infectious Diseases of the Dog and Cat, 3rd Edition
... is a thiamine inhibitor that is commonly chosen to treat coccidiosis in dogs, although it is not approved by the Food and Drug Administration for this purpose (see Chapter 81). Overdoses may produce neurologic signs. As mentioned previously, the antifungal drug AMB is effective in treating leishmani ...
... is a thiamine inhibitor that is commonly chosen to treat coccidiosis in dogs, although it is not approved by the Food and Drug Administration for this purpose (see Chapter 81). Overdoses may produce neurologic signs. As mentioned previously, the antifungal drug AMB is effective in treating leishmani ...
Implications of Immunogenicity in Drug Development
... small molecule drugs when the advent of recombinant DNA technology allowed for cost-efficient, large-scale manufacture of proteins in cultured cells under controlled conditions. In 1982, recombinant human insulin, developed by Genentech and Eli Lilly, was the first biotechnology therapy to be approv ...
... small molecule drugs when the advent of recombinant DNA technology allowed for cost-efficient, large-scale manufacture of proteins in cultured cells under controlled conditions. In 1982, recombinant human insulin, developed by Genentech and Eli Lilly, was the first biotechnology therapy to be approv ...
Current Drug Trends
... Nutmeg contains myristicin, which belongs to the deliriant drug family. Nutmeg produces a hallucinogenic high that most people consider unpleasant. Nutmeg takes up to six hours for an individual to even begin feeling minimal effects. Effects can range anywhere from a mild high or stoned feeling simi ...
... Nutmeg contains myristicin, which belongs to the deliriant drug family. Nutmeg produces a hallucinogenic high that most people consider unpleasant. Nutmeg takes up to six hours for an individual to even begin feeling minimal effects. Effects can range anywhere from a mild high or stoned feeling simi ...
Pharmacologyonline 1: 613-624 (2011) Thanigavelan et al.
... size and numbers of villai. 4. The process of Pudam should be done in a closed environment with adequate air flow. 5. In most of the Pudam process, cow dung cakes have to be used for burning. But for some preparation of Parpams, barks, goat dung cakes are used, especially when high temperature is ne ...
... size and numbers of villai. 4. The process of Pudam should be done in a closed environment with adequate air flow. 5. In most of the Pudam process, cow dung cakes have to be used for burning. But for some preparation of Parpams, barks, goat dung cakes are used, especially when high temperature is ne ...
Organic Chemistry
... Organic Chemistry: What is it? • 1780: Organic compounds are very complex and only obtained from living sources (vitalism 生机说) • Vitalism: Belief that a "magic" vital force, present in plants and animals, is necessary for the synthesis of organic compounds • 1789: Antoine Laurent Lavoisier observed ...
... Organic Chemistry: What is it? • 1780: Organic compounds are very complex and only obtained from living sources (vitalism 生机说) • Vitalism: Belief that a "magic" vital force, present in plants and animals, is necessary for the synthesis of organic compounds • 1789: Antoine Laurent Lavoisier observed ...
Salvia Divinorum - Psychotherapy Associates Symposium
... Active ingredient is Salvinorin-A which is a powerful hallucinogen “As potent as LSD, and essentially, the most potent naturally occurring hallucinogenic drug” Dr. Bryan Roth, Director National Institute of Mental Health’s Psychoactive Drug Screening Program ...
... Active ingredient is Salvinorin-A which is a powerful hallucinogen “As potent as LSD, and essentially, the most potent naturally occurring hallucinogenic drug” Dr. Bryan Roth, Director National Institute of Mental Health’s Psychoactive Drug Screening Program ...
Design and Evaluation of Niosomal Gel Delivery Systems for Topical
... from various proniosomes with various types and contents of non ionic surfactant. The study revealed Estradiol included in proniosomes was entrapped within the lipid bilayers formed by this technique with high efficiency. A significant amount of non-ionic surfactant (span 40) in the proniosomal form ...
... from various proniosomes with various types and contents of non ionic surfactant. The study revealed Estradiol included in proniosomes was entrapped within the lipid bilayers formed by this technique with high efficiency. A significant amount of non-ionic surfactant (span 40) in the proniosomal form ...
Antimicrobial drugs in Respiratory Infection
... norfloxacin does not achieve adequate plasma levels for use in most systemic infections. ...
... norfloxacin does not achieve adequate plasma levels for use in most systemic infections. ...
ANTIDEPRESSANT ACTIVITY OF AQUEOUS EXTRACT OF FRUITS OF TERMINALIA CHEBULA
... Depression is a common symptom of the present day world which is widespread psychiatric disorder affecting a large number of population. It is often difficult to predict the cause and also to treat depression. In the traditional systems of medicine, many plants and formulations have been used to tre ...
... Depression is a common symptom of the present day world which is widespread psychiatric disorder affecting a large number of population. It is often difficult to predict the cause and also to treat depression. In the traditional systems of medicine, many plants and formulations have been used to tre ...
Title of Project Project Description
... The effective delivery of medications to children remains a major challenge, not only because of the distinct distribution profiles associated with this population but also due to issues of acceptability and palatability that are closely associated with concordance. The problem becomes exacerbated w ...
... The effective delivery of medications to children remains a major challenge, not only because of the distinct distribution profiles associated with this population but also due to issues of acceptability and palatability that are closely associated with concordance. The problem becomes exacerbated w ...
Treating rheumatoid arthritis
... How is RA treated? The main drugs to treat RA are called DMARDS (disease-modifying anti-rheumatic drugs). These drugs help prevent damage to joints. They include both non-biologics and biologics. Non-biologic RA drugs have been used for a long time. And over time, they have demonstrated their safety ...
... How is RA treated? The main drugs to treat RA are called DMARDS (disease-modifying anti-rheumatic drugs). These drugs help prevent damage to joints. They include both non-biologics and biologics. Non-biologic RA drugs have been used for a long time. And over time, they have demonstrated their safety ...
AP Chemistry Syllabus
... either would like to earn college credit (by AP examination) or would like to prepare for college chemistry while in high school. This is accomplished through an intensive, in-depth approach. It is highly recommended that the student take the College Board's Advance Placement test in Chemistry. The ...
... either would like to earn college credit (by AP examination) or would like to prepare for college chemistry while in high school. This is accomplished through an intensive, in-depth approach. It is highly recommended that the student take the College Board's Advance Placement test in Chemistry. The ...
File - Pharmacy Technician
... routes of administration because it is often faster as the drug is absorbed directly into the bloodstream. It also ensures that the drug is only broken down by salivary enzymes. If a drug were to be taken orally, it would have to survive the acid, bile, and enzymes of the stomach, liver, and intesti ...
... routes of administration because it is often faster as the drug is absorbed directly into the bloodstream. It also ensures that the drug is only broken down by salivary enzymes. If a drug were to be taken orally, it would have to survive the acid, bile, and enzymes of the stomach, liver, and intesti ...
An overview - Journal of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Research
... markers have been identified to guide the chronotherapy of many diseases, The term "chrono" basically refers to the observation that every metabolic event undergoes rhythmic changes in time. Researchers have concluded that all living organisms are composites of rhythms with varying frequencies that ...
... markers have been identified to guide the chronotherapy of many diseases, The term "chrono" basically refers to the observation that every metabolic event undergoes rhythmic changes in time. Researchers have concluded that all living organisms are composites of rhythms with varying frequencies that ...
Chapter 10 Pharmacology
... Enzymes – proteins that speed up a chemical reaction Enzyme inhibitors – bind to enzymes and decrease activity i.e. herbicides Enzyme activators – bind to enzymes and increase activity Enzyme inhibitor – block substrate from entering enzyme active site or from catalyzing the reaction, can alter amin ...
... Enzymes – proteins that speed up a chemical reaction Enzyme inhibitors – bind to enzymes and decrease activity i.e. herbicides Enzyme activators – bind to enzymes and increase activity Enzyme inhibitor – block substrate from entering enzyme active site or from catalyzing the reaction, can alter amin ...
Take Meds Faithfully - Consumer Reports Health
... patients think they know better than I do what’s good for them.” Non-compliance is also substantially due to the fact that many chronic conditions have no or few symptoms. In such cases, taking a pill everyday that may have side effects can actually seem like an irrational thing to do. The two most ...
... patients think they know better than I do what’s good for them.” Non-compliance is also substantially due to the fact that many chronic conditions have no or few symptoms. In such cases, taking a pill everyday that may have side effects can actually seem like an irrational thing to do. The two most ...
ABUSED SUBSTANCES INFORMATION
... Marijuana, the dried leaves of the Cannabis Savita plant, has been used for its intoxicating effects for more than 4000 years by the Chinese, although it was not introduced into America until the late 1930’s. It became widely used in the 1960’s, and in the years since then marijuana’s popularity has ...
... Marijuana, the dried leaves of the Cannabis Savita plant, has been used for its intoxicating effects for more than 4000 years by the Chinese, although it was not introduced into America until the late 1930’s. It became widely used in the 1960’s, and in the years since then marijuana’s popularity has ...
Drugs used in Treatment - Infertility Network UK
... number of days does however, lead to high estrogen concentrations for a few days, and so the responses do need to be monitored. However, as the drug concentrations are normal, the process has generally a low risk potential, when monitored sensibly. Other drugs commonly used Unfortunately, FSH is not ...
... number of days does however, lead to high estrogen concentrations for a few days, and so the responses do need to be monitored. However, as the drug concentrations are normal, the process has generally a low risk potential, when monitored sensibly. Other drugs commonly used Unfortunately, FSH is not ...
Stage 1 hypertension
... The threshold blood pressure for offering drug therapy has changed, partly reflecting the move to ambulatory BP monitoring. Diuretics have moved to third line drugs after ACE inhibitors and calcium channel blockers The thiazide-like diuretic of choice is now indapamide or chlortalidone rather ...
... The threshold blood pressure for offering drug therapy has changed, partly reflecting the move to ambulatory BP monitoring. Diuretics have moved to third line drugs after ACE inhibitors and calcium channel blockers The thiazide-like diuretic of choice is now indapamide or chlortalidone rather ...
Chapter03 - EMC Publishing, LLC
... Answer: Drugs may come from natural sources (quinine from cinchona bark), may be synthetic (barbiturates), or may be semisynthetic (semisynthetic penicillins), or may result from biotechnology (human ...
... Answer: Drugs may come from natural sources (quinine from cinchona bark), may be synthetic (barbiturates), or may be semisynthetic (semisynthetic penicillins), or may result from biotechnology (human ...
Drug discovery
In the fields of medicine, biotechnology and pharmacology, drug discovery is the process by which new candidate medications are discovered. Historically, drugs were discovered through identifying the active ingredient from traditional remedies or by serendipitous discovery. Later chemical libraries of synthetic small molecules, natural products or extracts were screened in intact cells or whole organisms to identify substances that have a desirable therapeutic effect in a process known as classical pharmacology. Since sequencing of the human genome which allowed rapid cloning and synthesis of large quantities of purified proteins, it has become common practice to use high throughput screening of large compounds libraries against isolated biological targets which are hypothesized to be disease modifying in a process known as reverse pharmacology. Hits from these screens are then tested in cells and then in animals for efficacy.Modern drug discovery involves the identification of screening hits, medicinal chemistry and optimization of those hits to increase the affinity, selectivity (to reduce the potential of side effects), efficacy/potency, metabolic stability (to increase the half-life), and oral bioavailability. Once a compound that fulfills all of these requirements has been identified, it will begin the process of drug development prior to clinical trials. One or more of these steps may, but not necessarily, involve computer-aided drug design. Modern drug discovery is thus usually a capital-intensive process that involves large investments by pharmaceutical industry corporations as well as national governments (who provide grants and loan guarantees). Despite advances in technology and understanding of biological systems, drug discovery is still a lengthy, ""expensive, difficult, and inefficient process"" with low rate of new therapeutic discovery. In 2010, the research and development cost of each new molecular entity (NME) was approximately US$1.8 billion. Drug discovery is done by pharmaceutical companies, with research assistance from universities. The ""final product"" of drug discovery is a patent on the potential drug. The drug requires very expensive Phase I, II and III clinical trials, and most of them fail. Small companies have a critical role, often then selling the rights to larger companies that have the resources to run the clinical trials.Discovering drugs that may be a commercial success, or a public health success, involves a complex interaction between investors, industry, academia, patent laws, regulatory exclusivity, marketing and the need to balance secrecy with communication. Meanwhile, for disorders whose rarity means that no large commercial success or public health effect can be expected, the orphan drug funding process ensures that people who experience those disorders can have some hope of pharmacotherapeutic advances.