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Formulation and Evaluation of Bioadhesive Gels Containing Miconazole Nitrate
Formulation and Evaluation of Bioadhesive Gels Containing Miconazole Nitrate

... enhancers were shown to increase the amount of miconazole released at an optimum concentration specific for each vehicle, as shown by 1% tween 80 which proved to be superior when incorporated with sodium alginate and carbopol 934 while 3% taurocholic acid was found also to be effective with sodium a ...
National Nursing Standards for Antineoplastic Drug Administration
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ISMP`s List of Error-Prone Abbreviations, Symbols, and Dose
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New Molecule, Red, Lilly Brand PowerPointTemplate
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An anti-epileptic and anti-Parkinson`s disease agent zonisamide
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EFFECT OF TWO DIFFERENT DILUENTS ON RELEASE PROFILE OF ACECLOFENAC FROM  SUSTAINED RELEASE MATRIX TABLETS USING GUM DAMAR AS RELEASE RETARDANT 
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this PDF
this PDF

Oral protein delivery: Current status and future prospect
Oral protein delivery: Current status and future prospect

... making them readily available for therapeutic applications in medical practices and clinical studies. Therapeutic proteins have become the drugs of choice for treating numerous diseases due to their exquisite specificity and bioactivity. Administering drugs by oral route is preferred to any other rou ...
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JCleary revised CND-INCB-WHO

... for medical and scientific purposes while preventing their diversion and abuse, the balance between adequate availability of these drugs and prevention of their diversion and abuse is at the core of the international drug control conventions. While in the absence of indicators of appropriate use it ...
My Prescription Addiction PowerPoint Lecture
My Prescription Addiction PowerPoint Lecture

... Methods: We examined whether a parenteral preparation (triamcinolone acetonide [TAA]; Kenalog) could be delivered by nebulization. TAA, 1000 txg (0.1 ml), was placed in the nebulizer bowl (MB5 [MeFar, Brescia, Italy] or Pari-Jet [Dura Pharmaceuticals, San Diego, Calif.]), then diluted with 2. 9 ml n ...
Drug study guide for NPLEX clincal
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... Drug list for NPLEX 2 This list is NOT all inclusive of what is on NPLEX, but will likely have many NPLEX answers in it. I wrote this study list before taking NPLEX II examination. This list in no way tells people what specific questions were on nplex list, This list is based upon the 2009 NPLEX dru ...
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Drug discovery



In the fields of medicine, biotechnology and pharmacology, drug discovery is the process by which new candidate medications are discovered. Historically, drugs were discovered through identifying the active ingredient from traditional remedies or by serendipitous discovery. Later chemical libraries of synthetic small molecules, natural products or extracts were screened in intact cells or whole organisms to identify substances that have a desirable therapeutic effect in a process known as classical pharmacology. Since sequencing of the human genome which allowed rapid cloning and synthesis of large quantities of purified proteins, it has become common practice to use high throughput screening of large compounds libraries against isolated biological targets which are hypothesized to be disease modifying in a process known as reverse pharmacology. Hits from these screens are then tested in cells and then in animals for efficacy.Modern drug discovery involves the identification of screening hits, medicinal chemistry and optimization of those hits to increase the affinity, selectivity (to reduce the potential of side effects), efficacy/potency, metabolic stability (to increase the half-life), and oral bioavailability. Once a compound that fulfills all of these requirements has been identified, it will begin the process of drug development prior to clinical trials. One or more of these steps may, but not necessarily, involve computer-aided drug design. Modern drug discovery is thus usually a capital-intensive process that involves large investments by pharmaceutical industry corporations as well as national governments (who provide grants and loan guarantees). Despite advances in technology and understanding of biological systems, drug discovery is still a lengthy, ""expensive, difficult, and inefficient process"" with low rate of new therapeutic discovery. In 2010, the research and development cost of each new molecular entity (NME) was approximately US$1.8 billion. Drug discovery is done by pharmaceutical companies, with research assistance from universities. The ""final product"" of drug discovery is a patent on the potential drug. The drug requires very expensive Phase I, II and III clinical trials, and most of them fail. Small companies have a critical role, often then selling the rights to larger companies that have the resources to run the clinical trials.Discovering drugs that may be a commercial success, or a public health success, involves a complex interaction between investors, industry, academia, patent laws, regulatory exclusivity, marketing and the need to balance secrecy with communication. Meanwhile, for disorders whose rarity means that no large commercial success or public health effect can be expected, the orphan drug funding process ensures that people who experience those disorders can have some hope of pharmacotherapeutic advances.
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