• Study Resource
  • Explore Categories
    • Arts & Humanities
    • Business
    • Engineering & Technology
    • Foreign Language
    • History
    • Math
    • Science
    • Social Science

    Top subcategories

    • Advanced Math
    • Algebra
    • Basic Math
    • Calculus
    • Geometry
    • Linear Algebra
    • Pre-Algebra
    • Pre-Calculus
    • Statistics And Probability
    • Trigonometry
    • other →

    Top subcategories

    • Astronomy
    • Astrophysics
    • Biology
    • Chemistry
    • Earth Science
    • Environmental Science
    • Health Science
    • Physics
    • other →

    Top subcategories

    • Anthropology
    • Law
    • Political Science
    • Psychology
    • Sociology
    • other →

    Top subcategories

    • Accounting
    • Economics
    • Finance
    • Management
    • other →

    Top subcategories

    • Aerospace Engineering
    • Bioengineering
    • Chemical Engineering
    • Civil Engineering
    • Computer Science
    • Electrical Engineering
    • Industrial Engineering
    • Mechanical Engineering
    • Web Design
    • other →

    Top subcategories

    • Architecture
    • Communications
    • English
    • Gender Studies
    • Music
    • Performing Arts
    • Philosophy
    • Religious Studies
    • Writing
    • other →

    Top subcategories

    • Ancient History
    • European History
    • US History
    • World History
    • other →

    Top subcategories

    • Croatian
    • Czech
    • Finnish
    • Greek
    • Hindi
    • Japanese
    • Korean
    • Persian
    • Swedish
    • Turkish
    • other →
 
Profile Documents Logout
Upload
Oral Presentation 1
Oral Presentation 1

... To promote safe and cost-effective use of medicines included in the WHO Essential Medicines List To serve as model for national, local or institutional formularies Brief history 1995 recommendation to develop Model Formulary by WHO Expert Committee 2000 Start of validation and final editing of dra ...
General and Physiological Chemistry
General and Physiological Chemistry

... Define and illustrate by means of names and formulas what is meant by a salt. Write equations illustrating how salts may be prepared by the action of an acid on a metal, on a metal hydroxide, on a metal carbonate, and on a metal bicarbonate. State the difference between a strong electrolyte, a weak ...
Biomaterials Week 7
Biomaterials Week 7

... extracellular matrix by providing space for cells to grow into and recognize into functional tissue  Man made implantable prostheses do not function as well as the native tissue  Or maintain the functionality of native tissue over long periods of time  Interdisciplinary field that utilizes degrad ...
taste masking methods and agents in pharmaceutical formulations
taste masking methods and agents in pharmaceutical formulations

... called taste buds which are composed of groups of about forty columnar epithelial cells bundled together along their long axes that sample oral concentration of a large number of small molecules and report a sensation of taste to centers in the brainstem. The taste buds themselves are too small to s ...
the PDF - NEOMED Institute
the PDF - NEOMED Institute

... development of early stage therapeutics up to human proof of concept, announced today that Health Canada has approved NEOMED’s Clinical Trial Application (CTA) to conduct a Phase II study for its product candidate NEO6860, a TrpV1 antagonist, for the treatment of osteoarthritis pain. The clinical tr ...
File - Science with Mr. Louie
File - Science with Mr. Louie

... As a general rule, if you are unsure how many significant figures to us on the AP exam, use 3 significant figures. This may not always work but it will work most times. However you should always pay close attention to using the correct number of significant figures in all calculations. ...
Advanced Higher Chemistry Resource Guide
Advanced Higher Chemistry Resource Guide

... variable oxidation states of differing stability. Compounds of the same transition metal but in different oxidation states may have different colours. Oxidation can be considered as an increase in oxidation number and reduction can be considered as a decrease in oxidation number. Compounds containin ...
Basic Agricultural Chemistry - Macmillan Education South Africa
Basic Agricultural Chemistry - Macmillan Education South Africa

... particles in a liquid state of matter have greater kinetic energy, they vibrate in a less restricted area, are not held to one another quite so strongly and can move about, although they are still attracted to one another quite strongly. A solid has both a definite shape and a definite volume, in ot ...
Document
Document

... stenocardia. Doctor administered him a medication, which taking resulted in less frequent attacks of bronchial asthma, but stenocardia attacks became more frequent. What medication was administered? A *Isadrin B Salbutamol C Aminophylline D Cromolyn sodium E Phenotherol 1. The patient of 40 years su ...
Fall - Health and Community Services
Fall - Health and Community Services

... The Atlantic Common Drug Review (ACDR) is a regional review process that provides evidencebased recommendations for coverage of new indications and line extensions for existing medications. Drug evaluation summaries are prepared by independent reviewers based on the manufacturer’s drug submission an ...
CHEMICAL REACTIONS
CHEMICAL REACTIONS

... • Take one element at a time usually starting with the most complex substance. • It is usually better to balance in this order: metals, nonmetals, hydrogen, oxygen. • If everything balances except for O2, and there is no way to balance O2 with a whole number, use a fraction or mixed number. Then, mu ...
SWOT - Moodle Lille 2
SWOT - Moodle Lille 2

... 4Therapeutic areas Allergy/ Oncology Respiratory ...
mAb-1 Mono
mAb-1 Mono

... SOC small molecule therapy is well known v RA: combination of etanercept, infliximab, adalimumab with MTX etc. v During clinical development phase: precise measurement of both molecules and an understanding of assays used to measure them is necessary to interpret the data. ...
Drug Testing in Child Welfare: Practice and Policy Considerations
Drug Testing in Child Welfare: Practice and Policy Considerations

... ways to address concurrent substance abuse and child maltreatment in families whose children have been placed in protective custody. Drug testing is one tool that child welfare workers often use to facilitate decisionmaking with these families. Drug testing refers to the use of various biologic sour ...
Fig. 1 - BioImpacts
Fig. 1 - BioImpacts

... the sclera, choroid, Bruch’s membrane, retina and vitreous humor.1 Impeccable functionality of the visual cells is largely dependent upon integrity of the cells/tissues in posterior and anterior segments of the eye, where selective restrictiveness of the ocular tissues membranes and barriers control ...
RevisedPharmDCurriculum2013
RevisedPharmDCurriculum2013

... a) Carbohydrates: Chemistry, Classification, Reactions of Carbohydrates, Optical activity, Biological and pharmaceutical importance of carbohydrates. b) Lipids: Chemistry of Fatty acids and Lipids, Classification (Saponifiable and nonsaponifiable lipids, Simple, Complex and Derived lipids), Reaction ...
Treatment for Drug Abuse in the United States
Treatment for Drug Abuse in the United States

... and patients experience withdrawal symptoms when they stop methadone treatment. There is a common misconception that methadone provides euphoria which in turn spurs an illicit market for the drug. Most experts agree, however, that the black market for methadone stems more from methadone’s ability to ...
Information Sheet - HJ Baker & Bro., Inc.
Information Sheet - HJ Baker & Bro., Inc.

... fishmeal, but each varies in nutrient composition and digestibility. A combination of feed ingredients is often a better match for the nutrient requirements of the target species. For example, proteins are comprised of 20 amino acids of which 10 are essential in the diet. Fishmeal protein is rich in ...
CAPSULE DOSAGE FORM INTRODUCTION:
CAPSULE DOSAGE FORM INTRODUCTION:

... WEIGHT ...
RSPT 1410 Common Respiratory Drugs
RSPT 1410 Common Respiratory Drugs

... •  Combination products are indicated for patients with COPD on regular treatments who require additional bronchodilation relief of airflow obstruction ...
Buprenorphine for Treating Opioid-Dependent Pregnant Women: Behavioral Pharmacology in Action
Buprenorphine for Treating Opioid-Dependent Pregnant Women: Behavioral Pharmacology in Action

... - US in midst of heroin epidemic that was peaking at this time and would last through much of 1950s - Other false hopes with opioids brought to US market diacetylmorphine (a.k.a. heroin in late 1890s) meperidine (a.k.a. Demerol in early 1940s) •  Conclusion of Isbell & Vogel (1949): “The results lea ...
Overview of Oral Modified-Release Opioid Products for
Overview of Oral Modified-Release Opioid Products for

... their resulting metabolites undergo renal excretion.7 Opioids such as codeine, meperidine, and propoxyphene have pharmacologically active metabolites.6,9 Therefore, both hepatic and renal impairment may significantly influence the clinical effects of many opioids. Drug interactions also occur with s ...
Ethan Frome
Ethan Frome

... REVISED DATE: ...
Annual Report 2014 - St. Jude Children`s Research Hospital
Annual Report 2014 - St. Jude Children`s Research Hospital

... A member of the Pharmaceutical Sciences Department since December 1992, my laboratory focuses on understanding the contribution of ABC transporters to pathological processes and pharmacological response using cell culture model systems as well as gene knockout models (e.g., reviewed Ann Rev Pharm To ...
Skin Barrier and Transdermal Drug Delivery
Skin Barrier and Transdermal Drug Delivery

... 124.1)2. Instead of being uniformly dispersed, the highly hydrophobic lipids in normal stratum corneum are sequestered within the extracellular spaces, where this lipid-enriched matrix is organized into lamellar membranes that surround the corneocytes3. Hence, rather than stratum corneum thickness, ...
< 1 ... 159 160 161 162 163 164 165 166 167 ... 707 >

Drug discovery



In the fields of medicine, biotechnology and pharmacology, drug discovery is the process by which new candidate medications are discovered. Historically, drugs were discovered through identifying the active ingredient from traditional remedies or by serendipitous discovery. Later chemical libraries of synthetic small molecules, natural products or extracts were screened in intact cells or whole organisms to identify substances that have a desirable therapeutic effect in a process known as classical pharmacology. Since sequencing of the human genome which allowed rapid cloning and synthesis of large quantities of purified proteins, it has become common practice to use high throughput screening of large compounds libraries against isolated biological targets which are hypothesized to be disease modifying in a process known as reverse pharmacology. Hits from these screens are then tested in cells and then in animals for efficacy.Modern drug discovery involves the identification of screening hits, medicinal chemistry and optimization of those hits to increase the affinity, selectivity (to reduce the potential of side effects), efficacy/potency, metabolic stability (to increase the half-life), and oral bioavailability. Once a compound that fulfills all of these requirements has been identified, it will begin the process of drug development prior to clinical trials. One or more of these steps may, but not necessarily, involve computer-aided drug design. Modern drug discovery is thus usually a capital-intensive process that involves large investments by pharmaceutical industry corporations as well as national governments (who provide grants and loan guarantees). Despite advances in technology and understanding of biological systems, drug discovery is still a lengthy, ""expensive, difficult, and inefficient process"" with low rate of new therapeutic discovery. In 2010, the research and development cost of each new molecular entity (NME) was approximately US$1.8 billion. Drug discovery is done by pharmaceutical companies, with research assistance from universities. The ""final product"" of drug discovery is a patent on the potential drug. The drug requires very expensive Phase I, II and III clinical trials, and most of them fail. Small companies have a critical role, often then selling the rights to larger companies that have the resources to run the clinical trials.Discovering drugs that may be a commercial success, or a public health success, involves a complex interaction between investors, industry, academia, patent laws, regulatory exclusivity, marketing and the need to balance secrecy with communication. Meanwhile, for disorders whose rarity means that no large commercial success or public health effect can be expected, the orphan drug funding process ensures that people who experience those disorders can have some hope of pharmacotherapeutic advances.
  • studyres.com © 2025
  • DMCA
  • Privacy
  • Terms
  • Report