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13. Ionic and Covalent Bonding
13. Ionic and Covalent Bonding

... The diagram shows sodium ions (+) and chloride ions (-) in part of a crystal of table salt, sodium chloride. (i) How are sodium ions and chloride ions formed from their atoms? (ii) What force holds the ions together in sodium chloride? (iii)Name one other compound that is composed of ions. ...
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4.1 PPT- Atomic Theory and Bonding

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Bond valence method

The bond valence method or mean method (or bond valence sum) (not to be mistaken for the valence bond theory in quantum chemistry) is a popular method in coordination chemistry to estimate the oxidation states of atoms. It is derived from the bond valence model, which is a simple yet robust model for validating chemical structures with localized bonds or used to predict some of their properties. This model is a development of Pauling's rules.
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