Download Periodic Table and Seed Atoms Model Lab Review: 1.

Name _______Answer Key________________
Date _______________________ Hour ____
Periodic Table and Seed Atoms Model Lab
Review:
1. Protons are _positively_ charged and are found __in the nucleus_________________________
2. Neutrons are _not_ charged and are found __in the nucleus_____________________________
3. Electrons are _negatively_ charged and are found _surrounding the nucleus in energy levels___
Purpose: You will use this lab to become familiar with the periodic table and begin to understand the locations
and patterns of protons, neutrons and electrons as they relate to the periodic table.
4. Study the large Carbon square on your Periodic Table and using the key, answer these questions:
a. C is called the _element symbol_
b. 6 is the number of protons and is called the _atomic number_
c. 6 is also equal to the number of _electrons__
d. Therefore, carbon has _6_ electrons.
e. 12 is the number of protons + neutrons and is called the _atomic weight (atomic mass)_
i. If an atom has 10 protons and an atomic weight of 22, how many neutrons would it
have? _12_
ii. All atoms of an element have the same number of protons, but they may have different
numbers of neutrons. Isotopes are atoms with different numbers of neutrons. This
would mean that the atomic weight/mass would be different. Your periodic table gives
the atomic weight of the most commonly found isotope. For example, some carbon
atoms have 8 neutrons and some have 6 neutrons. Since this chart gives the mass of 12,
the most common carbon atom has _6_ neutrons.
5. Now, look at all of the elements. What pattern do you notice about the number of protons in the
different elements?
Every element has a different number of protons and they are arranged in ascending order.
6. What do you notice about the atomic mass numbers?
Atomic mass numbers also increase as you travel along the periodic table, but each element does not
have a unique atomic mass. Also, some elements have the same atomic mass.
7. By far, the lightest subatomic particle is the _electron________ which is located in the space
surrounding the nucleus. Why do you think that just the protons and neutrons are counted in the atomic
mass?
Since electrons weigh so little in comparison (only 1/2000th of a proton or neutron), they can be
discounted when tallying the entire weight.
8. Complete all of the columns of the data table except the valence electrons using the periodic table. Look
for patterns to make it easier!
Complete for
question 12
Complete this part for question 8.
Element Name
Symbol
Atomic
Number
Atomic Mass
(Number of
Protons)
(Number of
protons +
neutrons)
Number of
neutrons
Number of
electrons
Number of
Valence
Electrons
Hydrogen
H
1
1
0
1
1
Helium
He
2
4
2
2
2
Lithium
Li
3
7
7–3=4
3
1
Beryllium
Be
4
9
5
4
2
Boron
B
5
11
6
5
3
Carbon
C
6
12
6
6
4
Nitrogen
N
7
14
7
7
5
Oxygen
O
8
16
8
8
6
Fluorine
F
9
19
10
9
7
Neon
Ne
10
20
10
10
8
Sodium
Na
11
23
12
11
1
Magnesium
Mg
12
24
12
12
2
Aluminum
Al
13
27
14
13
3
Silicon
Si
14
28
14
14
4
Phosphorus
P
15
31
16
15
5
Sulfur
S
16
32
16
16
6
Chlorine
Cl
17
35
18
17
7
Argon
Ar
18
40
22
18
8
9. Electron energy levels always fill up in order. The lowest energy or first level can only hold two
electrons. The second level can hold up to eight. The third level can also hold up to eight. And, the
fourth level can hold up to 18.
How many electrons can be held by the electron energy level closest to the nucleus? __2__
10. Valence electrons are the number of electrons in the outermost energy level. Valence electrons are one
of the most significant properties of chemistry (the study of how atoms combine).
a. How many total electrons does nitrogen have? _7_
b. In nitrogen: _2_ electrons fill the lowest energy level and 5 are left in the second energy level
(the outermost). So, nitrogen has 5 valence electrons.
c. Lithium has _3_ total electrons: _2_ in the first energy level and _1_ in the second (valence).
11. Gather an atom model sheet and some seeds. The subatomic particles are:
Protons (+) = corn
Neutrons (No charge) = beans
Electrons (-) = wheat
12. Build at least the first 6 atoms in order beginning with hydrogen.
a.
b.
c.
Place the protons and neutrons in the nucleus first.
Next, place the proper number of electrons in the correct position.
Fill in the valence column of the table in Question 8 as you go. Find the pattern to Neon.
13. Also build sodium and magnesium and fill in the valence electrons in the column. Leave one of these
atoms built for your teacher to see.
Teacher check off _______________
14. Hydrogen, lithium and sodium are in the same column of your periodic table. Looking at the table from
question 8, what do you notice about the valence electrons of elements in the same column (up and
down) of the periodic table?
Hydrogen, lithium and sodium all have 1 valence electron. In general, all elements in the same column
of the periodic table have the same number of valence electrons.
15. On your periodic table, write v:1, v:2, v:3 …. v:8 over the correct columns (labeling the valence
electrons of elements in that column).
16. Look at the different symbols on the periodic table. What do you notice?
All symbols start with a capital letter. If a symbol is made of more than one letter, the second (and
third) letters are lowercase. Oftentimes (but not always) the letters are related to the element’s name.
17. Circle the correct symbol for these elements:
a. Boron: B or b
b. Silver: AG or Ag
18. Study the key in the lower left corner of your periodic table to help answer these questions:
a. How many elements are gasses at room temperature?
12 elements are gases at room temperature.
b. What do all of the elements in the right-most column have in common?
All of these elements are gases. They also have 8 valence electrons.
c. What are the two elements that are liquids at room temperature?
Bromine (Br) and Mercury (Hg)
d. Where on the periodic table are most of the artificially made elements?
Most are found near the bottom of the periodic table (those elements with the largest atomic
number).
e. What do you notice about ALL of the artificially made elements?
All artificially made elements are also radioactive.
19. The non-metals on your table are to the right. There is a darker line that starts below boron and steps
down the table like stairs separating the metals from the nonmetals. Make this line darker on your table.
Circle: The vast majority of elements are metals or nonmetals.
20. How many protons does iodine (I) have? _53_
21. How many neutrons does uranium (U) have? _[238-92] 146_
22. How many electrons does xenon (Xe) have? _54_
23. How many neutrons does the average cobalt (Co) have? _[59-27] 32_
24. How many valence electrons does Rubidium (Rb) have? _1_
25. How many electrons does Nickel (Ni) have? _28_
26. How many neutrons does Einsteinium (Es) have? _[252-99] 153_
27. How many valence electrons does Bromine (Br) have? _7_
Study the two tables. On your periodic table, mark with a small “E” the boxes of the five most abundant Earth
elements. Mark with a small “H” the five most abundant in the human body.
Most abundant elements
on the Earth’s surface and
crust:
Oxygen
46%
Silicon
28%
Aluminum
8.2%
Iron
5.6%
Calcium
4.2%
Sodium
2.4%
Magnesium
2.3%
Potassium
2.1%
Titanium
0.6%
Hydrogen
0.2%
Most abundant elements in
an average human body
70Kg (~150 lbs)
Oxygen
43 Kg
Carbon
16 Kg
Hydrogen
7 Kg
Nitrogen
1.8 Kg
Calcium
1.0 Kg
Phosphorus
780 g
Potassium
140 g
Sulfur
140 g
Sodium
100 g
Chlorine
95 g
Magnesium
19 g
Iron
4.2 g
Fluorine
2.6 g
Zinc
2.3 g
Silicon
2.3 g
Gold
0.2 mg
28. What is the most abundant metal on the Earth’s surface?
Aluminum
29. What is the most abundant metal in the human body?
Calcium
30. Where would you guess that the most abundant metal in the human body is located?
Bones
31. Hydrogen is the most abundant element in the whole universe at 80%. On earth’s crust, hydrogen is
only _0.2_%.
32. Where do you guess that most of the universe’s hydrogen is located?
Stars
33. Where do you guess most of earth’s hydrogen is? Water