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Name _______Answer Key________________ Date _______________________ Hour ____ Periodic Table and Seed Atoms Model Lab Review: 1. Protons are _positively_ charged and are found __in the nucleus_________________________ 2. Neutrons are _not_ charged and are found __in the nucleus_____________________________ 3. Electrons are _negatively_ charged and are found _surrounding the nucleus in energy levels___ Purpose: You will use this lab to become familiar with the periodic table and begin to understand the locations and patterns of protons, neutrons and electrons as they relate to the periodic table. 4. Study the large Carbon square on your Periodic Table and using the key, answer these questions: a. C is called the _element symbol_ b. 6 is the number of protons and is called the _atomic number_ c. 6 is also equal to the number of _electrons__ d. Therefore, carbon has _6_ electrons. e. 12 is the number of protons + neutrons and is called the _atomic weight (atomic mass)_ i. If an atom has 10 protons and an atomic weight of 22, how many neutrons would it have? _12_ ii. All atoms of an element have the same number of protons, but they may have different numbers of neutrons. Isotopes are atoms with different numbers of neutrons. This would mean that the atomic weight/mass would be different. Your periodic table gives the atomic weight of the most commonly found isotope. For example, some carbon atoms have 8 neutrons and some have 6 neutrons. Since this chart gives the mass of 12, the most common carbon atom has _6_ neutrons. 5. Now, look at all of the elements. What pattern do you notice about the number of protons in the different elements? Every element has a different number of protons and they are arranged in ascending order. 6. What do you notice about the atomic mass numbers? Atomic mass numbers also increase as you travel along the periodic table, but each element does not have a unique atomic mass. Also, some elements have the same atomic mass. 7. By far, the lightest subatomic particle is the _electron________ which is located in the space surrounding the nucleus. Why do you think that just the protons and neutrons are counted in the atomic mass? Since electrons weigh so little in comparison (only 1/2000th of a proton or neutron), they can be discounted when tallying the entire weight. 8. Complete all of the columns of the data table except the valence electrons using the periodic table. Look for patterns to make it easier! Complete for question 12 Complete this part for question 8. Element Name Symbol Atomic Number Atomic Mass (Number of Protons) (Number of protons + neutrons) Number of neutrons Number of electrons Number of Valence Electrons Hydrogen H 1 1 0 1 1 Helium He 2 4 2 2 2 Lithium Li 3 7 7–3=4 3 1 Beryllium Be 4 9 5 4 2 Boron B 5 11 6 5 3 Carbon C 6 12 6 6 4 Nitrogen N 7 14 7 7 5 Oxygen O 8 16 8 8 6 Fluorine F 9 19 10 9 7 Neon Ne 10 20 10 10 8 Sodium Na 11 23 12 11 1 Magnesium Mg 12 24 12 12 2 Aluminum Al 13 27 14 13 3 Silicon Si 14 28 14 14 4 Phosphorus P 15 31 16 15 5 Sulfur S 16 32 16 16 6 Chlorine Cl 17 35 18 17 7 Argon Ar 18 40 22 18 8 9. Electron energy levels always fill up in order. The lowest energy or first level can only hold two electrons. The second level can hold up to eight. The third level can also hold up to eight. And, the fourth level can hold up to 18. How many electrons can be held by the electron energy level closest to the nucleus? __2__ 10. Valence electrons are the number of electrons in the outermost energy level. Valence electrons are one of the most significant properties of chemistry (the study of how atoms combine). a. How many total electrons does nitrogen have? _7_ b. In nitrogen: _2_ electrons fill the lowest energy level and 5 are left in the second energy level (the outermost). So, nitrogen has 5 valence electrons. c. Lithium has _3_ total electrons: _2_ in the first energy level and _1_ in the second (valence). 11. Gather an atom model sheet and some seeds. The subatomic particles are: Protons (+) = corn Neutrons (No charge) = beans Electrons (-) = wheat 12. Build at least the first 6 atoms in order beginning with hydrogen. a. b. c. Place the protons and neutrons in the nucleus first. Next, place the proper number of electrons in the correct position. Fill in the valence column of the table in Question 8 as you go. Find the pattern to Neon. 13. Also build sodium and magnesium and fill in the valence electrons in the column. Leave one of these atoms built for your teacher to see. Teacher check off _______________ 14. Hydrogen, lithium and sodium are in the same column of your periodic table. Looking at the table from question 8, what do you notice about the valence electrons of elements in the same column (up and down) of the periodic table? Hydrogen, lithium and sodium all have 1 valence electron. In general, all elements in the same column of the periodic table have the same number of valence electrons. 15. On your periodic table, write v:1, v:2, v:3 …. v:8 over the correct columns (labeling the valence electrons of elements in that column). 16. Look at the different symbols on the periodic table. What do you notice? All symbols start with a capital letter. If a symbol is made of more than one letter, the second (and third) letters are lowercase. Oftentimes (but not always) the letters are related to the element’s name. 17. Circle the correct symbol for these elements: a. Boron: B or b b. Silver: AG or Ag 18. Study the key in the lower left corner of your periodic table to help answer these questions: a. How many elements are gasses at room temperature? 12 elements are gases at room temperature. b. What do all of the elements in the right-most column have in common? All of these elements are gases. They also have 8 valence electrons. c. What are the two elements that are liquids at room temperature? Bromine (Br) and Mercury (Hg) d. Where on the periodic table are most of the artificially made elements? Most are found near the bottom of the periodic table (those elements with the largest atomic number). e. What do you notice about ALL of the artificially made elements? All artificially made elements are also radioactive. 19. The non-metals on your table are to the right. There is a darker line that starts below boron and steps down the table like stairs separating the metals from the nonmetals. Make this line darker on your table. Circle: The vast majority of elements are metals or nonmetals. 20. How many protons does iodine (I) have? _53_ 21. How many neutrons does uranium (U) have? _[238-92] 146_ 22. How many electrons does xenon (Xe) have? _54_ 23. How many neutrons does the average cobalt (Co) have? _[59-27] 32_ 24. How many valence electrons does Rubidium (Rb) have? _1_ 25. How many electrons does Nickel (Ni) have? _28_ 26. How many neutrons does Einsteinium (Es) have? _[252-99] 153_ 27. How many valence electrons does Bromine (Br) have? _7_ Study the two tables. On your periodic table, mark with a small “E” the boxes of the five most abundant Earth elements. Mark with a small “H” the five most abundant in the human body. Most abundant elements on the Earth’s surface and crust: Oxygen 46% Silicon 28% Aluminum 8.2% Iron 5.6% Calcium 4.2% Sodium 2.4% Magnesium 2.3% Potassium 2.1% Titanium 0.6% Hydrogen 0.2% Most abundant elements in an average human body 70Kg (~150 lbs) Oxygen 43 Kg Carbon 16 Kg Hydrogen 7 Kg Nitrogen 1.8 Kg Calcium 1.0 Kg Phosphorus 780 g Potassium 140 g Sulfur 140 g Sodium 100 g Chlorine 95 g Magnesium 19 g Iron 4.2 g Fluorine 2.6 g Zinc 2.3 g Silicon 2.3 g Gold 0.2 mg 28. What is the most abundant metal on the Earth’s surface? Aluminum 29. What is the most abundant metal in the human body? Calcium 30. Where would you guess that the most abundant metal in the human body is located? Bones 31. Hydrogen is the most abundant element in the whole universe at 80%. On earth’s crust, hydrogen is only _0.2_%. 32. Where do you guess that most of the universe’s hydrogen is located? Stars 33. Where do you guess most of earth’s hydrogen is? Water