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Chapter 6
Chapter 6

... The principle- originally deduced from the atomic milieu - later on has been applied as common rules for all sorts of matter. The principle has been used in the atomic nucleus when describing the fundamental nature of the strong nuclear force for instance) and even in the particle physics when descr ...
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Quantum gases in optical lattices

... rectly. However, a periodic pattern can show striking interference effects when illuminated with coherent waves, and we can use this approach to check that the condensate has indeed been transferred. We can also turn off the lattice potential and use the diffraction pattern to follow how the atoms o ...
Quantum critical phenomena and stability of atomic and molecular
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... not to the spatial dimension but to the number of elements in a complete basis set used to expand the exact eigenfunction of a given Hamiltonian. In this method we assumed that the two lowest eigenvalues of the quantum Hamiltonian can be taken as the leading eigenvalues of a transfer matrix of a cla ...
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... with a detuning in this range are not shifted as much as the theory predicts, leading to an underestimated theory signal between -40 and 0 MHz. There are several simplifications in the model, which could lead to these discrepancies at intermediate detunings. All atoms are treated as point-like parti ...
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Atoms, Ions and Molecules

... Laws/ Dalton’s Atomic Theory John Dalton (1808) “Father of Atomic Theory” Essentials of his theory. . . 1. An element is composed of tiny particles called atoms. All atoms of a given element show the same chemical properties. 2. Atoms of different elements have different properties. In an ordinary c ...
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... De Broglie's formula D = n.h/(2. .p), applied as a universal rule for particles, or particle systems. Many experiments have been performed but there are no exact knowledge about size parameters of particles. XXX In our theory we regard electrons, as well as protons, as point particles having vortex ...
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... (relative uncertainty of 2.1 × 10−11 ) and a proposal involving circular states of lithium [7] (expected relative uncertainty of about 10−10 ). The approaches involving low-lying states and circular states deal with significantly different frequency regimes: optical versus microwave. Therefore, meas ...
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... place in NaCl is different than that in HCl. This gives NaCl and HCl very different structures, appearances, and properties.What other differences are noticeable among molecules that result from different types of chemical bonding? Think about what happens when a bunch of sodium and chlorine ions jo ...
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... ionization of He: EII = 13.6 (2/1)2 = 13.6 × 4 = 54.4 eV. Johnson: This is quite close to being a 1: 4 proportion, within 1/20 of one percent! We might then look at the Lithium II value of 122.454353 and see that it is remarkably close to NINE times the hydrogen value, again around a match of around ...
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Fall 2012 Chem106 Final Review Name: Test 1 Materials Question

... 1. A patient receives 250 mL of a 4% (m/v) mannitol solution every hour. The number of grams of mannitol is_______. a) 8 b) 10 c) 15 d) 20 2. Write the balanced equation for dissociating the following solid ionic salts in water: a) Na2CO3(s) b) (NH4)3PO4(s) 3. (15pts) Which of the following reaction ...
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Matter is anything that has mass and occupies space. Three

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Atom

An atom is the smallest constituent unit of ordinary matter that has the properties of a chemical element. Every solid, liquid, gas, and plasma is made up of neutral or ionized atoms. Atoms are very small; typical sizes are around 100 pm (a ten-billionth of a meter, in the short scale). However, atoms do not have well defined boundaries, and there are different ways to define their size which give different but close values.Atoms are small enough that classical physics give noticeably incorrect results. Through the development of physics, atomic models have incorporated quantum principles to better explain and predict the behavior.Every atom is composed of a nucleus and one or more electrons bound to the nucleus. The nucleus is made of one or more protons and typically a similar number of neutrons (none in hydrogen-1). Protons and neutrons are called nucleons. Over 99.94% of the atom's mass is in the nucleus. The protons have a positive electric charge, the electrons have a negative electric charge, and the neutrons have no electric charge. If the number of protons and electrons are equal, that atom is electrically neutral. If an atom has more or fewer electrons than protons, then it has an overall negative or positive charge, respectively, and it is called an ion.Electrons of an atom are attracted to the protons in an atomic nucleus by this electromagnetic force. The protons and neutrons in the nucleus are attracted to each other by a different force, the nuclear force, which is usually stronger than the electromagnetic force repelling the positively charged protons from one another. Under certain circumstances the repelling electromagnetic force becomes stronger than the nuclear force, and nucleons can be ejected from the nucleus, leaving behind a different element: nuclear decay resulting in nuclear transmutation.The number of protons in the nucleus defines to what chemical element the atom belongs: for example, all copper atoms contain 29 protons. The number of neutrons defines the isotope of the element. The number of electrons influences the magnetic properties of an atom. Atoms can attach to one or more other atoms by chemical bonds to form chemical compounds such as molecules. The ability of atoms to associate and dissociate is responsible for most of the physical changes observed in nature, and is the subject of the discipline of chemistry.Not all the matter of the universe is composed of atoms. Dark matter comprises more of the Universe than matter, and is composed not of atoms, but of particles of a currently unknown type.
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