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chapt 2
chapt 2

... Strong acids release almost all of their hydrogen ions into water. Strong bases release almost all of their hydroxide ions into water. Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. ...
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... symmetry under particle permutation, or, in other words, for electron exchange. The self-consistent Hartree-Fock method is one of the fundamental tools designed in quantum mechanics to tackle a variety of multi-particle systems (not only atoms and molecules, but also clusters, the objects studied in ...
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... Primary substances, called elements, build all the materials about you. Some look similar, but others look unlike anything else. In this experiment, you will describe the physical properties of elements in a laboratory display and determine the location of elements on a blank periodic table. A. Phys ...
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... The value of n must be a positive integer (1, 2, 3, . . .) and each value of n corresponds to a different energy; En = (5). As n increases, the energy of the electron (6) until it reaches a value of 0 J, where n equals infinity and the electron leaves the atom or ionizes. The lowest energy is n = 1; ...
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2. Nuclear models and stability
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... Record the number of your choice for each Part A and Part B–1 multiple-choice question on your separate answer sheet. Write your answers to the Part B–2 and Part C questions in your answer booklet. All work should be written in pen, except for graphs and drawings, which should be done in pencil. You ...
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... To put this number in scientific notation you would move your decimal place until there is one number to the left of the decimal. To do this, we must move our decimal 23 places to the left. When you move the decimal to the left, the power of 10 value increases. It increases from 0 to 23. Thus, the a ...
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... where Δx is the uncertainty about position, Δp is the uncertainty about momentum (i.e. difference between maximum and minimum possible momentum values), and h is Planck’s constant. Scientists often use ħ to stand for h/2, so this formula can also be written as: ...
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Atom

An atom is the smallest constituent unit of ordinary matter that has the properties of a chemical element. Every solid, liquid, gas, and plasma is made up of neutral or ionized atoms. Atoms are very small; typical sizes are around 100 pm (a ten-billionth of a meter, in the short scale). However, atoms do not have well defined boundaries, and there are different ways to define their size which give different but close values.Atoms are small enough that classical physics give noticeably incorrect results. Through the development of physics, atomic models have incorporated quantum principles to better explain and predict the behavior.Every atom is composed of a nucleus and one or more electrons bound to the nucleus. The nucleus is made of one or more protons and typically a similar number of neutrons (none in hydrogen-1). Protons and neutrons are called nucleons. Over 99.94% of the atom's mass is in the nucleus. The protons have a positive electric charge, the electrons have a negative electric charge, and the neutrons have no electric charge. If the number of protons and electrons are equal, that atom is electrically neutral. If an atom has more or fewer electrons than protons, then it has an overall negative or positive charge, respectively, and it is called an ion.Electrons of an atom are attracted to the protons in an atomic nucleus by this electromagnetic force. The protons and neutrons in the nucleus are attracted to each other by a different force, the nuclear force, which is usually stronger than the electromagnetic force repelling the positively charged protons from one another. Under certain circumstances the repelling electromagnetic force becomes stronger than the nuclear force, and nucleons can be ejected from the nucleus, leaving behind a different element: nuclear decay resulting in nuclear transmutation.The number of protons in the nucleus defines to what chemical element the atom belongs: for example, all copper atoms contain 29 protons. The number of neutrons defines the isotope of the element. The number of electrons influences the magnetic properties of an atom. Atoms can attach to one or more other atoms by chemical bonds to form chemical compounds such as molecules. The ability of atoms to associate and dissociate is responsible for most of the physical changes observed in nature, and is the subject of the discipline of chemistry.Not all the matter of the universe is composed of atoms. Dark matter comprises more of the Universe than matter, and is composed not of atoms, but of particles of a currently unknown type.
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