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File - jj-sct
File - jj-sct

... Concept 2.3: The formation and function of molecules depend on chemical bonding between atoms  Atoms with incomplete valence shells can share or transfer valence electrons with certain other atoms  These interactions usually result in atoms staying ...
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...  A “parent” isotope decays into its “daughter” isotope at a fixed rate, expressed as the half-life  In radiometric dating, scientists measure the ratio of different isotopes and calculate how many half-lives have passed since the fossil or rock was formed  Half-life values vary from seconds or da ...
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... Concept 2.3: The formation and function of molecules depend on chemical bonding between atoms  Atoms with incomplete valence shells can share or transfer valence electrons with certain other atoms  These interactions usually result in atoms staying ...
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... When light shines on a metal surface, electrons are found to be emitted from the surface. This effect is called the photoelectric effect and it occurs in many materials, but is most easily observed with metals. It can be observed using the apparatus shown in Fig. 27–6. A metal plate P and a smaller ...
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... When light shines on a metal surface, electrons are found to be emitted from the surface. This effect is called the photoelectric effect and it occurs in many materials, but is most easily observed with metals. It can be observed using the apparatus shown in Fig. 27–6. A metal plate P and a smaller ...
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NMR Spectroscopy I - UCLA Chemistry and Biochemistry

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... o Ernest Rutherford (1911): “Nuclear Model”  Conclusion from gold foil expt  Majority of mass is found in the nucleus (rnucleus/ratom=1/10,000)  e- orbiting around nucleus o Niels Bohr (1913): introduces quantization condition  Needed to explain blackbody radiation and atomic spectra  Postula ...
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10. Quantitative Chemistry

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... states in the atom will differ from each other when a magnetic field is present. When excited, these states emit photons having slightly different frequencies, hence the multiplets. The electron spin can only have two states and that fact suggested that the factor of 2 in the Pauli principle was rela ...
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... Record the number of your choice for each Part A and Part B–1 multiple-choice question on your separate answer sheet. Write your answers to the Part B–2 and Part C questions in your answer booklet. All work should be written in pen, except for graphs and drawings, which should be done in pencil. You ...
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States of an Ensemble of Two-Level Atoms with Reduced Quantum

... numbers 2S0 thus obtained, we have also directly measured the cavity mode frequency shift ! / Sz , finding agreement to within 2(4)% [25]. S2z is obtained from transmission measurements that always remain in the linear regime, with 2jSz jd!=dN  0:01. The probe laser is frequency-stabilized to a ...
Explained answers - Admissions Testing Service
Explained answers - Admissions Testing Service

Chemistry - Set as Home Page
Chemistry - Set as Home Page

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Atom

An atom is the smallest constituent unit of ordinary matter that has the properties of a chemical element. Every solid, liquid, gas, and plasma is made up of neutral or ionized atoms. Atoms are very small; typical sizes are around 100 pm (a ten-billionth of a meter, in the short scale). However, atoms do not have well defined boundaries, and there are different ways to define their size which give different but close values.Atoms are small enough that classical physics give noticeably incorrect results. Through the development of physics, atomic models have incorporated quantum principles to better explain and predict the behavior.Every atom is composed of a nucleus and one or more electrons bound to the nucleus. The nucleus is made of one or more protons and typically a similar number of neutrons (none in hydrogen-1). Protons and neutrons are called nucleons. Over 99.94% of the atom's mass is in the nucleus. The protons have a positive electric charge, the electrons have a negative electric charge, and the neutrons have no electric charge. If the number of protons and electrons are equal, that atom is electrically neutral. If an atom has more or fewer electrons than protons, then it has an overall negative or positive charge, respectively, and it is called an ion.Electrons of an atom are attracted to the protons in an atomic nucleus by this electromagnetic force. The protons and neutrons in the nucleus are attracted to each other by a different force, the nuclear force, which is usually stronger than the electromagnetic force repelling the positively charged protons from one another. Under certain circumstances the repelling electromagnetic force becomes stronger than the nuclear force, and nucleons can be ejected from the nucleus, leaving behind a different element: nuclear decay resulting in nuclear transmutation.The number of protons in the nucleus defines to what chemical element the atom belongs: for example, all copper atoms contain 29 protons. The number of neutrons defines the isotope of the element. The number of electrons influences the magnetic properties of an atom. Atoms can attach to one or more other atoms by chemical bonds to form chemical compounds such as molecules. The ability of atoms to associate and dissociate is responsible for most of the physical changes observed in nature, and is the subject of the discipline of chemistry.Not all the matter of the universe is composed of atoms. Dark matter comprises more of the Universe than matter, and is composed not of atoms, but of particles of a currently unknown type.
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