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Federal Reserve System and Monetary Policy NOTES
Federal Reserve System and Monetary Policy NOTES

Europe on the Brink of a Currency Crisis (Oct 08)
Europe on the Brink of a Currency Crisis (Oct 08)

... Broadly speaking, the US and Japan sat out the emerging market credit boom. The lending spree has been a European play – often using dollar balance sheets, adding another ugly twist as global “deleveraging” causes the dollar to rocket. Nowhere has this been more extreme than in the exSoviet bloc. Th ...
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... All businesses would like to see that in the long run they had sustained growth and profitability and in the case of banks this is also true. Banks have two main dimensions, profitability and risk. Bank management would like to increase their profitability and reduce risk. These are two contradictor ...
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... banks. They conclude that "these firms do not require government insurance or regulation in the way that banks may require." As securitisation conquers banks' balance sheets, lending itself could wither away. When all debt is liquid and tradable, savers will store their wealth not in bank accounts b ...
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Fractional-reserve banking

Fractional-reserve banking is the practice whereby a bank accepts deposits, and holds reserves that are a fraction of the amount of its deposit liabilities. Reserves are held at the bank as currency, or as deposits in the bank's accounts at the central bank. Fractional-reserve banking is the current form of banking practiced in most countries worldwide.Fractional-reserve banking allows banks to act as financial intermediaries between borrowers and savers, and to provide longer-term loans to borrowers while providing immediate liquidity to depositors (providing the function of maturity transformation). However, a bank can experience a bank run if depositors wish to withdraw more funds than the reserves held by the bank. To mitigate the risks of bank runs and systemic crises (when problems are extreme and widespread), governments of most countries regulate and oversee commercial banks, provide deposit insurance and act as lender of last resort to commercial banks.Because bank deposits are usually considered money in their own right, and because banks hold reserves that are less than their deposit liabilities, fractional-reserve banking permits the money supply to grow beyond the amount of the underlying reserves of base money originally created by the central bank. In most countries, the central bank (or other monetary authority) regulates bank credit creation, imposing reserve requirements and capital adequacy ratios. This can limit the amount of money creation that occurs in the commercial banking system, and helps to ensure that banks are solvent and have enough funds to meet demand for withdrawals. However, rather than directly controlling the money supply, central banks usually pursue an interest rate target to control inflation and bank issuance of credit.
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