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Analyzing the role of knowledge organization in scholarly
Analyzing the role of knowledge organization in scholarly

... argue how knowledge organization is constituted by social organization. Second, I further situate knowledge organization in light of Jürgen Habermas’ theory of the public sphere and argue that this theory can be viewed as a fundamental model of knowledge organization. Third, by drawing on various th ...
Chap1&2
Chap1&2

... • Act to achieve goals, given set of beliefs • Rational behavior is doing the “right thing” – Thing which expects to maximize goal achievement ...
Artificial Intelligence and Expert Systems
Artificial Intelligence and Expert Systems

... Can execute certain tasks much faster than a human  Can perform certain tasks better than many or even most people Natural language does have several advantages over AI. Some are:  Natural intelligence is creative, whereas AI is rather uninspired. The ability to acquire knowledge is inherent in hu ...
Knowledge Engineering: Principles and Methods
Knowledge Engineering: Principles and Methods

... development of KBSs by exploiting the notion of a reusable problem-solving method. The RLM approach may be characterized as a shell approach. Such a shell comes with an implementation of a specific PSM and thus can only be used to solve a type of tasks for which the PSM is appropriate. The given PSM ...
PDF file
PDF file

... considered very difficult (by humans), such as playing simulated chess games. However, they have done poorly in areas that are commonly considered easy for humans, such as vision, audition, and natural language understanding. On the other hand, there is a lack of appreciation of what the human mind ...
MEETING FLORIDI`S CHALLENGE TO ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE
MEETING FLORIDI`S CHALLENGE TO ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE

... way of knowing that, unlike zombies, we are conscious of things,' that is, how one can possibly know that one is a zombie" (Floridi 2005, 419). Understood this way, Floridi maintains that there is a test-based way to answer the question. In fact, Floridi generalizes the situation, and explains that ...
Expertise transfer and complex problems" using AQUINAS as a
Expertise transfer and complex problems" using AQUINAS as a

... appropriateness is easy to judge, and its result is unambiguous" (Szolovitz & Pauker, 1978). For example, in selecting a programming language, users may be able to say with certainty that they would be interested only in languages that run on an Apple Macintosh or that they will not consider a langu ...
Review of Objectivity and Its Other, Edited by Wolfgang Natter
Review of Objectivity and Its Other, Edited by Wolfgang Natter

... the topic or site for fashioning an hermeneutic conception of objectivity and ethnocentrism as significant others, and to conceptualize postmodern ethnocentrism in a non-pernicious manner. Since any interpretation is informed by context, there are no context free -- i.e. non-ethnocentric -- claims ...
osborne
osborne

... 2.1 Introduction to Modern Developmental Psychology Developmental psychology aims to provide a scienti c understanding of age-related change in human mental experiences and behaviour. Although most developmental theories have been speci cally concerned with children, the ultimate aim is to provide a ...
5. Architecture of a Rule Based System for Medical Billing
5. Architecture of a Rule Based System for Medical Billing

... knowledge in them. For example in CYC, knowledge is in the form of logical sentences. Further it is stated and organized in frames [1]. Frames are primary way of storing propositions in CYC [1]. CYC is concentrating on actual reality instead of targeting the knowledge source; this is also the main c ...
Agents - computational logic
Agents - computational logic

... can interact with other agents and possibly humans using messages or actions that change the shared environment • Pro-active: has one or more goals which it tries to achieve by communicating with other agents or acting on its environment • Has a mentalistic model: agent has an internal architecture ...
Jasanoff – Imaginaries – P. 1 Future Imperfect: Science, Technology
Jasanoff – Imaginaries – P. 1 Future Imperfect: Science, Technology

... Bijker et al. 1987). The concept helps explain a number of otherwise troublesome problems: why do technological trajectories diverge across polities and periods; what makes some sociotechnical arrangements more durable than others; how do facts and technologies transcend and reconstruct time and spa ...
Theorizing in Social Science: The Context of Discovery
Theorizing in Social Science: The Context of Discovery

... touch on. These are: what makes certain types of theorizing creative, and how to rein in and steer one’s imagination in a creative direction when theorizing. Several different factors can help to make theorizing creative. The general nature of human thought, especially as investigated by cognitive p ...
A Phenomenological Critique of the Idea of Social Science
A Phenomenological Critique of the Idea of Social Science

... Social science is in crisis. The task of social science is to study “man in situation”: to understand the world as it is for “man”. This thesis charges that this crisis consists in a failure to properly address the philosophical anthropological question “What is man?”. The various social scientific ...
The Ethical Significance of the Aesthetic Experience of Non
The Ethical Significance of the Aesthetic Experience of Non

... that I wish to invoke in my own investigation. Rather than a simple processing of perceptual data, “active” attention involves activities that are purposive such as intentionally discerning the relationship between elements of a work, detecting a work‟s overall structure, bringing one‟s attention to ...
Understanding Customers (Marketing)
Understanding Customers (Marketing)

... Four years ago, when writing Consumer Behaviour, I put forward some ideas about control and its problems. In the process I discussed ‘Sod’s Law’ – the idea that if something can go wrong, it will. As the book was published, The Chartered Institute of Marketing announced a change of syllabus to the n ...
5. Gesture as a bridge between action and
5. Gesture as a bridge between action and

... In recent years, cognitive scientists have reworked the traditional view of the mind as an abstract information processor to include connections with the body. Theories of embodied cognition suggest that our internal representations of objects and events are not grounded solely in amodal proposition ...
Abstract - NYU Computer Science
Abstract - NYU Computer Science

... Artificial intelligence has seen great advances of many kinds recently, but there is one critical area where progress has been extremely slow: ordinary common sense. Who is taller, Prince William or his baby son Prince George? Can you make a salad out of a polyester shirt? If you stick a pin into a ...
What Can We Know A Priori?1 C.S.I. Jenkins Draft only. Please
What Can We Know A Priori?1 C.S.I. Jenkins Draft only. Please

... from particular claims about the nature of content and its connections with rationality; see e.g. Ichikawa and Jarvis 2013. I shall just describe one other kind of motivation, one to which many of those who call themselves ‘naturalists’ could in principle be receptive, and which therefore might be m ...
analysis of knowledge, assertion, verification
analysis of knowledge, assertion, verification

... point of view. Nevertheless, their rational reconstruction offers a proper linguistic treatment which can clarify the ambiguities (and paradoxes) of their use in natural language. Of course, different approaches to knowledge and assertion will determine a variety of interpretations and theories conn ...
APPROACHES TO PSYCHOLOGY
APPROACHES TO PSYCHOLOGY

... dictated by instincts, the biological process, or rewards and ...
A preliminary analysis of the Soar architecture as a basis for general
A preliminary analysis of the Soar architecture as a basis for general

... phenomena occur. All of Soar's long-term knowledge is stored in a single production memory. Whether a piece of knowledge represents procedural, declarative, or episodic knowledge, it is stored in one or more productions. Each production is a condition-action structure that performs its actions when ...
George Kalfopoulos - Department of Mathematics
George Kalfopoulos - Department of Mathematics

... controlling scheme is required. Reasoning control can be as simple as an exhaustive search through the knowledge. Of course on the other hand, it can be as complicated as using an explicit set of rules to guide the reasoning, known as meta-rules. Other techniques are also used, like dividing the kno ...
KANT`S RESPONSE TO SKEPTICISM
KANT`S RESPONSE TO SKEPTICISM

... as it is in itself, regardless of the human perspective. Thus, although some will accept that Kant’s position might allow us to hold to claims about knowledge and truth from within our perspective, they may nonetheless feel that Kant is wrong to treat all features of reality as we experience it as m ...
Viewpoints
Viewpoints

... necessarily draw from any single theatre aesthetic framework. AI drama managers employed in IN systems control the story world in response to player actions in order to convey an author’s intended narrative to the player. Effectively fulfilling this role requires carefully balancing authorial intent ...
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Enactivism

Enactivism argues that cognition arises through a dynamic interaction between an acting organism and its environment. It claims that our environment is one which we selectively create through our capacities to interact with the world. ""Organisms do not passively receive information from their environments, which they then translate into internal representations. Natural cognitive systems...participate in the generation of meaning ...engaging in transformational and not merely informational interactions: they enact a world."" These authors suggest that the increasing emphasis upon enactive terminology presages a new era in thinking about cognitive science. How the actions involved in enactivism relate to age-old questions about free will remains a topic of active debate.The term 'enactivism' is close in meaning to 'enaction', defined as ""the manner in which a subject of perception creatively matches its actions to the requirements of its situation"". The introduction of the term enaction in this context is attributed to Francisco Varela, Evan Thompson, and Eleanor Rosch, who proposed the name to ""emphasize the growing conviction that cognition is not the representation of a pre-given world by a pre-given mind but is rather the enactment of a world and a mind on the basis of a history of the variety of actions that a being in the world performs"". This was further developed by Thompson and others, to place emphasis upon the idea that experience of the world is a result of mutual interaction between the sensorimotor capacities of the organism and its environment.The initial emphasis of enactivism upon sensorimotor skills has been criticized as ""cognitively marginal"", but it has been extended to apply to higher level cognitive activities, such as social interactions. ""In the enactive view,... knowledge is constructed: it is constructed by an agent through its sensorimotor interactions with its environment, co-constructed between and within living species through their meaningful interaction with each other. In its most abstract form, knowledge is co-constructed between human individuals in socio-linguistic interactions...Science is a particular form of social knowledge construction...[that] allows us to perceive and predict events beyond our immediate cognitive grasp...and also to construct further, even more powerful scientific knowledge.""Enactivism is closely related to situated cognition and embodied cognition, and is presented as an alternative to cognitivism, computationalism, and Cartesian dualism.
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