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The Red Nucleus: Past, Present, and Future
... levels of connectivity of the RN in terrestrial vertebrates to development of the cerebellum. A primitive level of RN organization is present in amphibians with only one cerebellar nucleus and no evidence of a rubro-olivary projection. Limbed reptiles demonstrate a more advanced level of organizatio ...
... levels of connectivity of the RN in terrestrial vertebrates to development of the cerebellum. A primitive level of RN organization is present in amphibians with only one cerebellar nucleus and no evidence of a rubro-olivary projection. Limbed reptiles demonstrate a more advanced level of organizatio ...
Paying attention to correlated neural activity
... No two roses smell exactly alike, yet we still perceive their scents as being the same. Most natural odors are made up of odorant mixtures that evoke complex patterns of neural activity, and it is rare for an odor to have the exact same components in the exact same proportions. Encoding these odoran ...
... No two roses smell exactly alike, yet we still perceive their scents as being the same. Most natural odors are made up of odorant mixtures that evoke complex patterns of neural activity, and it is rare for an odor to have the exact same components in the exact same proportions. Encoding these odoran ...
AIP
... area showed that the anterograde and retrograde labelings in the agranular frontal cortex was almost completely confined to F5 and, therefore, the anatomical linkage between these two areas is highly selective and reciprocal. In addition, the differential distribution of the labeling observed in the ...
... area showed that the anterograde and retrograde labelings in the agranular frontal cortex was almost completely confined to F5 and, therefore, the anatomical linkage between these two areas is highly selective and reciprocal. In addition, the differential distribution of the labeling observed in the ...
Traumatic Brain Injury and Neurodegenerative Disorders Review of
... Traumatic Brain Injury and Neurodegenerative Disorders • Huntington's disease is an inherited disease that causes the wasting away of certain types of brain cells that control movement as well as thinking. Dementia is common and occurs in the later stages of the disease. Personality changes are ty ...
... Traumatic Brain Injury and Neurodegenerative Disorders • Huntington's disease is an inherited disease that causes the wasting away of certain types of brain cells that control movement as well as thinking. Dementia is common and occurs in the later stages of the disease. Personality changes are ty ...
Functional and comparative assessments of the octopus learning
... neuropil. Stimulation and lesion experiments have helped assign possible functions to several of these lobes (3, 10, 28, 29). In particular, recent single unit recordings in freely-behaving animals are beginning to reveal the organizational principles of the higher motor centers (30, 31) and field p ...
... neuropil. Stimulation and lesion experiments have helped assign possible functions to several of these lobes (3, 10, 28, 29). In particular, recent single unit recordings in freely-behaving animals are beginning to reveal the organizational principles of the higher motor centers (30, 31) and field p ...
EEG Alpha Oscillations The inhibition
... – Absolute alpha power, showed that during manipulation brain activation reflects a state of “alpha equilibrium”—where alpha power exhibits a topographically flat distribution – This effect was not only found with alpha power but also with alpha frequency. Alpha frequency at frontal sites increased ...
... – Absolute alpha power, showed that during manipulation brain activation reflects a state of “alpha equilibrium”—where alpha power exhibits a topographically flat distribution – This effect was not only found with alpha power but also with alpha frequency. Alpha frequency at frontal sites increased ...
Asymmetry of the Neuroendocrine System
... back to 1861, when Paul Broca reported that the lesions in his aphasic patients lay on a delimited region of the left hemisphere. On the basis of this fundamental and subsequent observations, a classic theory of asymmetry was formulated comprising the existence of a single dominant (left) hemisphere ...
... back to 1861, when Paul Broca reported that the lesions in his aphasic patients lay on a delimited region of the left hemisphere. On the basis of this fundamental and subsequent observations, a classic theory of asymmetry was formulated comprising the existence of a single dominant (left) hemisphere ...
An Optogenetic Approach to Understanding the Neural Circuits of Fear
... circuits and the identification of sites of neural plasticity in these circuits. Over the past 30 years, studies using lesion, electrophysiological, pharmacological, and biochemical/molecular techniques have revealed a great deal about the neural mechanisms of fear learning (1–7,11–13). Despite this ...
... circuits and the identification of sites of neural plasticity in these circuits. Over the past 30 years, studies using lesion, electrophysiological, pharmacological, and biochemical/molecular techniques have revealed a great deal about the neural mechanisms of fear learning (1–7,11–13). Despite this ...
hap6 - WordPress.com
... Remember as the “E” division = exercise, excitement, emergency, and embarrassment ...
... Remember as the “E” division = exercise, excitement, emergency, and embarrassment ...
Towards understanding of the cortical network underlying
... into pairs. We refer to each member of a pair as a paired associate (figure 1a). The monkeys were trained to memorize combinations of paired associates. In each trial, a cue stimulus was presented, and after a delay period the monkey obtained fruit juice as a reward for correctly choosing the paired ...
... into pairs. We refer to each member of a pair as a paired associate (figure 1a). The monkeys were trained to memorize combinations of paired associates. In each trial, a cue stimulus was presented, and after a delay period the monkey obtained fruit juice as a reward for correctly choosing the paired ...
Sympathetic nervous system
... If you hear a noise that makes you jump, your body immediately diverts blood away from your stomach to your muscles in order for you to stay and confront a potential attacker (fight), or run away (flight) ...
... If you hear a noise that makes you jump, your body immediately diverts blood away from your stomach to your muscles in order for you to stay and confront a potential attacker (fight), or run away (flight) ...
Organization of Visual Areas in Macaque and Human Cerebral
... faced by cartographers of the earth's surface many centuries ago, when maps were replete with uncertainties and divergent portrayals of most of the planet's surface. The primary objective of this chapter is to summarize our current understanding of visual cortical organization in two primate species ...
... faced by cartographers of the earth's surface many centuries ago, when maps were replete with uncertainties and divergent portrayals of most of the planet's surface. The primary objective of this chapter is to summarize our current understanding of visual cortical organization in two primate species ...
State-dependent computations - Frankfurt Institute for Advanced
... All sensory stimuli generate spatiotemporal patterns of action potentials (spikes) that are conveyed to the CNS by sensory afferents. A fundamental goal of neuroscience is to understand how neural networks extract information from both the spatial and the temporal structure of these complex spike pa ...
... All sensory stimuli generate spatiotemporal patterns of action potentials (spikes) that are conveyed to the CNS by sensory afferents. A fundamental goal of neuroscience is to understand how neural networks extract information from both the spatial and the temporal structure of these complex spike pa ...
Emotion and decision-making explained: A prEcis
... cortex can be used for purposes that are not rewarddependent. One example might be learning where a particular taste can be found in the environment, even when the primate is not hungry and therefore the taste is not currently rewarding. For this, the primary taste cortex provides a representation o ...
... cortex can be used for purposes that are not rewarddependent. One example might be learning where a particular taste can be found in the environment, even when the primate is not hungry and therefore the taste is not currently rewarding. For this, the primary taste cortex provides a representation o ...
Slide 1
... • Posterior part of the insula and adjacent parietal cortex • Responsible for conscious awareness of balance (position of the head in space) ...
... • Posterior part of the insula and adjacent parietal cortex • Responsible for conscious awareness of balance (position of the head in space) ...
Brain activity during non-automatic motor production of discrete multi
... those studies using comparison with rest [4–8]. Since set and buildup activities are known to be involved in movement preparation [20,21], we might thus dismiss much of the reported medial premotor activity as movement associated confound, unrelated to time measurement. The possibility that this act ...
... those studies using comparison with rest [4–8]. Since set and buildup activities are known to be involved in movement preparation [20,21], we might thus dismiss much of the reported medial premotor activity as movement associated confound, unrelated to time measurement. The possibility that this act ...
Topographic maps in human frontal and parietal cortex
... and a description of the organization of the visual field representation in each of these areas. These methods have recently been employed in conjunction with tasks that involve higher-order cognitive processes such as spatial attention, working memory, and planning and execution of saccadic eye mov ...
... and a description of the organization of the visual field representation in each of these areas. These methods have recently been employed in conjunction with tasks that involve higher-order cognitive processes such as spatial attention, working memory, and planning and execution of saccadic eye mov ...
General Organization of Somatosensory System
... Mammalian muscle spindle showing typical position in a muscle (left), neuronal connections in spinal cord (middle), and expanded schematic (right). The spindle is a stretch receptor with its own motor supply consisting of several intrafusal muscle fibers. The sensory endings of a primary (group Ia) ...
... Mammalian muscle spindle showing typical position in a muscle (left), neuronal connections in spinal cord (middle), and expanded schematic (right). The spindle is a stretch receptor with its own motor supply consisting of several intrafusal muscle fibers. The sensory endings of a primary (group Ia) ...
The assessment of hemispheric lateralization in functional MRI
... functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), functional transcranial Doppler sonography (Deppe et al., 2004), magnetoencephalography (Hirata et al., 2004) and infrared spectroscopy (Watson et al., 2004), it became possible to non-invasively investigate the lateralization of cognitive brain function ...
... functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), functional transcranial Doppler sonography (Deppe et al., 2004), magnetoencephalography (Hirata et al., 2004) and infrared spectroscopy (Watson et al., 2004), it became possible to non-invasively investigate the lateralization of cognitive brain function ...
Neural Correlates of First-Person Perspective as One Constituent of
... to-object relations, that are independent from an agent’s position (Aguirre & D’Esposito, 1999; Klatzky, 1998). The cognitive operations when perceiving a visual scene from another person’s viewpoint (3PP) are likely to differ from taking a view of the same scene from one’s own perspective (1PP). A ...
... to-object relations, that are independent from an agent’s position (Aguirre & D’Esposito, 1999; Klatzky, 1998). The cognitive operations when perceiving a visual scene from another person’s viewpoint (3PP) are likely to differ from taking a view of the same scene from one’s own perspective (1PP). A ...
The horizontal brain slice preparation: a novel approach for
... The first step for preparing the horizontal brain slice brain preparation is equivalent to the whole brain preparation described by Wu et al. (1996) and Pratt and Aizenman (2007). For this, tadpoles are anesthetized in Steinberg’s solution containing 0.02% MS-222, moved to the recording dish, and pi ...
... The first step for preparing the horizontal brain slice brain preparation is equivalent to the whole brain preparation described by Wu et al. (1996) and Pratt and Aizenman (2007). For this, tadpoles are anesthetized in Steinberg’s solution containing 0.02% MS-222, moved to the recording dish, and pi ...
Assessing similarity to primary tissue and cortical layer identity in
... chip-free single-cell RNA-seq technologies, make such studies a viable method to investigate iPSC-derived cortical neuron cultures at single-cell resolution (9,10). This has the advantage that the relative abundance of different cell types may be discerned, and so comparisons between iPSC-derived an ...
... chip-free single-cell RNA-seq technologies, make such studies a viable method to investigate iPSC-derived cortical neuron cultures at single-cell resolution (9,10). This has the advantage that the relative abundance of different cell types may be discerned, and so comparisons between iPSC-derived an ...
Cell-Type Specific Properties of Pyramidal
... can be addressed: to what degree does the cellular properties of neurons depend on cortical location? We tested this question using pyramidal neurons in layer 5 (L5) because of their role in providing major cortical output to subcortical targets. Recently developed transgenic mice with cell-type--sp ...
... can be addressed: to what degree does the cellular properties of neurons depend on cortical location? We tested this question using pyramidal neurons in layer 5 (L5) because of their role in providing major cortical output to subcortical targets. Recently developed transgenic mice with cell-type--sp ...
Mapping synaptic pathology within cerebral cortical circuits in
... studying synaptic organization in fixed tissue sections, providing the benefit of the higher resolution of small synaptic structures using a standard CCD camera (e.g., Hamamatsu ORCA-R2).Finally, spinning disk systems allow for rapid acquisition speed, with, as a benefit, greater throughput of image ...
... studying synaptic organization in fixed tissue sections, providing the benefit of the higher resolution of small synaptic structures using a standard CCD camera (e.g., Hamamatsu ORCA-R2).Finally, spinning disk systems allow for rapid acquisition speed, with, as a benefit, greater throughput of image ...
Structure and function of ant (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) brains
... around to scan a larger volume of air or to probe structures, crevices, trails or other insects including nestmates for chemical and tactile cues. To perform antennal movements, antennae are equipped with sets of muscles inside the head capsule and others inside the antenna's basal segment, the scap ...
... around to scan a larger volume of air or to probe structures, crevices, trails or other insects including nestmates for chemical and tactile cues. To perform antennal movements, antennae are equipped with sets of muscles inside the head capsule and others inside the antenna's basal segment, the scap ...
Connectome
![](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/White_Matter_Connections_Obtained_with_MRI_Tractography.png?width=300)
A connectome is a comprehensive map of neural connections in the brain, and may be thought of as its ""wiring diagram"". More broadly, a connectome would include the mapping of all neural connections within an organism's nervous system.The production and study of connectomes, known as connectomics, may range in scale from a detailed map of the full set of neurons and synapses within part or all of the nervous system of an organism to a macro scale description of the functional and structural connectivity between all cortical areas and subcortical structures. The term ""connectome"" is used primarily in scientific efforts to capture, map, and understand the organization of neural interactions within the brain.Research has successfully constructed the full connectome of one animal: the roundworm C. elegans (White et al., 1986, Varshney et al., 2011). Partial connectomes of a mouse retina and mouse primary visual cortex have also been successfully constructed. Bock et al.'s complete 12TB data set is publicly available at Open Connectome Project.The ultimate goal of connectomics is to map the human brain. This effort is pursued by the Human Connectome Project, sponsored by the National Institutes of Health, whose focus is to build a network map of the human brain in healthy, living adults.