Beyond dreams: do sleep-related movements
... Conventional wisdom has long held that the twitches of sleeping infants and adults are byproducts of a dreaming brain. With the discovery of active (or REM) sleep in the 1950s and the recognition soon thereafter that active sleep is characterized by inhibition of motor outflow, researchers elaborate ...
... Conventional wisdom has long held that the twitches of sleeping infants and adults are byproducts of a dreaming brain. With the discovery of active (or REM) sleep in the 1950s and the recognition soon thereafter that active sleep is characterized by inhibition of motor outflow, researchers elaborate ...
From format to function: Embodiment and the functional roles of
... processing language about action results in engagement of the motor system (e.g. Glenberg, et al., 2008), and that processing language about perceptual experience engages perceptual systems (e.g., Kaschak et al, 2005). This work is often taken to show that the semantic representations built up durin ...
... processing language about action results in engagement of the motor system (e.g. Glenberg, et al., 2008), and that processing language about perceptual experience engages perceptual systems (e.g., Kaschak et al, 2005). This work is often taken to show that the semantic representations built up durin ...
Five-dimensional neuroimaging: Localization of the time–frequency
... Ruhbðt ÞbT ðt Þi, where hi indicates the ensemble average over trials. When hbðt Þi ¼ 0, R is also equal to the sample covariance matrix. In practice, the covariance is estimated over a subset of latencies, t ≡ [t1, t2,…, tN], that represents samples from a desired time window of length N. Defining ...
... Ruhbðt ÞbT ðt Þi, where hi indicates the ensemble average over trials. When hbðt Þi ¼ 0, R is also equal to the sample covariance matrix. In practice, the covariance is estimated over a subset of latencies, t ≡ [t1, t2,…, tN], that represents samples from a desired time window of length N. Defining ...
Afferents of dopamine neurons
... Bevan, Booth, Eaton, and Bolam. (1998) J. Neurosci. 18: 9438-9452 Sadek, Magill and Bolam unpublished ...
... Bevan, Booth, Eaton, and Bolam. (1998) J. Neurosci. 18: 9438-9452 Sadek, Magill and Bolam unpublished ...
36_LectureSlidesAdde..
... • Leptin stimulates POMC otherwise known as aMSH/CART neurons. This increases excitation of the catabolic pathway, and it increases inhibition of the anabolic pathway. The result again is a net increase in activity of the catabolic pathway relative to the anabolic pathway. • The net increase in cata ...
... • Leptin stimulates POMC otherwise known as aMSH/CART neurons. This increases excitation of the catabolic pathway, and it increases inhibition of the anabolic pathway. The result again is a net increase in activity of the catabolic pathway relative to the anabolic pathway. • The net increase in cata ...
A historical perspective on learning: the legacy and - Hal-SHS
... as a child and continuous adaptation to the context of action. Learning is defined as a relatively permanent modification of the organism’s activity resulting from its interactions with the external environment. There are two theoretical streams: the main stream that we may call very schematically c ...
... as a child and continuous adaptation to the context of action. Learning is defined as a relatively permanent modification of the organism’s activity resulting from its interactions with the external environment. There are two theoretical streams: the main stream that we may call very schematically c ...
Behavioral consequences of abnormal cortical development
... Right around the time of birth, steroid hormone receptors peak in the cerebral cortex [137,206], suggesting that these hormones can also influence cortical development during this phase. Environmental factors, such as enrichment, can influence cortical differentiation and dendritic maturation well i ...
... Right around the time of birth, steroid hormone receptors peak in the cerebral cortex [137,206], suggesting that these hormones can also influence cortical development during this phase. Environmental factors, such as enrichment, can influence cortical differentiation and dendritic maturation well i ...
Diffuse optical imaging of brain activation
... separate measurement of the concentrations of these two species. To achieve this goal, it is sufficient to perform NIRS measurements at two wavelengths. The sum of the concentrations of oxy- and deoxyhemoglobin provides a measure of the cerebral blood volume (CBV), while the individual concentration ...
... separate measurement of the concentrations of these two species. To achieve this goal, it is sufficient to perform NIRS measurements at two wavelengths. The sum of the concentrations of oxy- and deoxyhemoglobin provides a measure of the cerebral blood volume (CBV), while the individual concentration ...
Emergence of Mirror Neurons in a Model of Gaze Following
... C. Formation of mirror neurons in the pre-motor area At the end of the learning process, the model neurons in layer 9 share many characteristics with classical mirror neurons. First, a unit in this layer will usually be active during the execution of a gaze shift to a certain location in space. This ...
... C. Formation of mirror neurons in the pre-motor area At the end of the learning process, the model neurons in layer 9 share many characteristics with classical mirror neurons. First, a unit in this layer will usually be active during the execution of a gaze shift to a certain location in space. This ...
Function of Basal Ganglia (Summary)
... - Cortex, Thalamus, STN - Glutamine (Excitatory) - There are many parallel pathways of the basal ganglia o Motor Loop - simplest out of the many pathways of the Basal Ganglia ...
... - Cortex, Thalamus, STN - Glutamine (Excitatory) - There are many parallel pathways of the basal ganglia o Motor Loop - simplest out of the many pathways of the Basal Ganglia ...
... affect. In the next study we want to add the verbal dimension and investigate how humans perceive the emotions transmitted by a talking face. In a face-to-face communication verbal and non-verbal features transmitting emotional meaning build a complex multidimensional stimulus construct. In our thir ...
annual report 2004 - OV Lounasmaa Laboratory
... Professor Martti Salomaa who passed away in 2004. The symposium was attended by about 50 former colleagues and students of Professor Salomaa. In the 40-year history of the LTL, year 2005 was successful by many measures. Altogether nine graduate students earned their PhD degree, two in low temperatur ...
... Professor Martti Salomaa who passed away in 2004. The symposium was attended by about 50 former colleagues and students of Professor Salomaa. In the 40-year history of the LTL, year 2005 was successful by many measures. Altogether nine graduate students earned their PhD degree, two in low temperatur ...
Psychological Review, 46, 553-65. A STIMULUS - s-f
... viewpoints. Pavlov emphasizes the mechanism of simple stimulus substitution (conditioning). According to his hypothesis, a danger signal (the conditioned stimulus) comes to elicit essentially the same ‘movement reaction’ that has previously been produced by actual trauma (the unconditioned stimulus) ...
... viewpoints. Pavlov emphasizes the mechanism of simple stimulus substitution (conditioning). According to his hypothesis, a danger signal (the conditioned stimulus) comes to elicit essentially the same ‘movement reaction’ that has previously been produced by actual trauma (the unconditioned stimulus) ...
Chapter 4 monkey
... afterwards was estimated using the curve-fitting algorithm described above. The algorithm was repeated 10,000 times to create distributions of latencies for the easy, intermediate and difficult conditions and to estimate the 95% confidence intervals. This bootstrapping procedure was used to test the ...
... afterwards was estimated using the curve-fitting algorithm described above. The algorithm was repeated 10,000 times to create distributions of latencies for the easy, intermediate and difficult conditions and to estimate the 95% confidence intervals. This bootstrapping procedure was used to test the ...
Module10OperantandCognitiveApproaches
... ongoing behaviors may be modified by changing the consequences of what happens after a bar press – 3 factors in operant conditioning of a rat – a hungry rat will be more willing to eat the food reward – operant response: condition the rat to press the bar – shaping: procedure in which an experimente ...
... ongoing behaviors may be modified by changing the consequences of what happens after a bar press – 3 factors in operant conditioning of a rat – a hungry rat will be more willing to eat the food reward – operant response: condition the rat to press the bar – shaping: procedure in which an experimente ...
(Title 17, United States Code) governs the maki
... 2008). Conversely, animals that do not have to employ these methods for survival do not have modified hippocampal regions. Although the relationship between hippocampal morphology and increased demands through spatial use has been demonstrated in numerous species, it still remains unknown what mecha ...
... 2008). Conversely, animals that do not have to employ these methods for survival do not have modified hippocampal regions. Although the relationship between hippocampal morphology and increased demands through spatial use has been demonstrated in numerous species, it still remains unknown what mecha ...
Biological Psychology Basic Structure of a Neuron 1. What are the
... h. Chemicals that transfer information from one neuron to another and are released into the synaptic cleft or synapse are called neurotransmitters i. An area of the dendrites that accepts neurotransmitters is called the receptor site m. Neurotransmitters that do not quickly bind to an appropriate re ...
... h. Chemicals that transfer information from one neuron to another and are released into the synaptic cleft or synapse are called neurotransmitters i. An area of the dendrites that accepts neurotransmitters is called the receptor site m. Neurotransmitters that do not quickly bind to an appropriate re ...
Dissecting appetite
... To tease apart the hunger circuits, researchers initially focused on a tiny section of the hypothalamus called the arcuate nucleus. “It’s an amazing structure,” explains Lowell. “It exerts powerful control over hunger.” The region contains two key neurons: AgRP neurons, which sense a fasted state an ...
... To tease apart the hunger circuits, researchers initially focused on a tiny section of the hypothalamus called the arcuate nucleus. “It’s an amazing structure,” explains Lowell. “It exerts powerful control over hunger.” The region contains two key neurons: AgRP neurons, which sense a fasted state an ...
Dynamic functional reorganization of the motor execution network
... Ten right-handed patients (9 males and 1 female; mean age, 48.3 year; range, 41 - 55 years) with left motor pathway subcortical stroke were enrolled from the inpatient services at the Xuanwu Hospital of Capital Medical University (Beijing, China). All participants were first-onset stroke patients, a ...
... Ten right-handed patients (9 males and 1 female; mean age, 48.3 year; range, 41 - 55 years) with left motor pathway subcortical stroke were enrolled from the inpatient services at the Xuanwu Hospital of Capital Medical University (Beijing, China). All participants were first-onset stroke patients, a ...
High-Level Visual Processing: Cognitive Influences
... a crescent-shaped pattern of a particular color and texture. Cells with such unique selectivities likely provide inputs to yet higher-order neuronal representations of meaningful objects. Indeed, several small subpopulations of neurons encode objects that convey to the observer highly meaningful inf ...
... a crescent-shaped pattern of a particular color and texture. Cells with such unique selectivities likely provide inputs to yet higher-order neuronal representations of meaningful objects. Indeed, several small subpopulations of neurons encode objects that convey to the observer highly meaningful inf ...
Direct comparison of the neural substrates of
... Recently, the time allowed for retrieval has also been suggested to affect the degree of activation of the right anterior prefrontal cortex, which has been shown to be activated during retrieval tasks (Wagner et al., 1998). Thus, these variables related to the retrieval of previously acquired inform ...
... Recently, the time allowed for retrieval has also been suggested to affect the degree of activation of the right anterior prefrontal cortex, which has been shown to be activated during retrieval tasks (Wagner et al., 1998). Thus, these variables related to the retrieval of previously acquired inform ...
Large-Scale Functional Connectivity in Associative Learning
... appear to change with learning. This was especially evident in the case where the behavioral relevance of an auditory stimulus depended on a visual stimulus (McIntosh and Gonzalez-Lima 1995). Two groups of rats received pairings of a tone (conditioned excitor: T / ) with a mild footshock. Group TL 0 ...
... appear to change with learning. This was especially evident in the case where the behavioral relevance of an auditory stimulus depended on a visual stimulus (McIntosh and Gonzalez-Lima 1995). Two groups of rats received pairings of a tone (conditioned excitor: T / ) with a mild footshock. Group TL 0 ...
Nucleus Basalis and Thalamic Control of Neocortical Activity in the
... An episodeof HVS during immobility is shown in Figure 2. HVSs were observed in every rat on at least one occasion.In a group of 11 rats, the EEG wasrecorded in 2 or 3 sessions,each involving 30 min cumulative periods of immobility. The averagefrequency of HVS was 2.3/30 min (range, l-7). For a HVS t ...
... An episodeof HVS during immobility is shown in Figure 2. HVSs were observed in every rat on at least one occasion.In a group of 11 rats, the EEG wasrecorded in 2 or 3 sessions,each involving 30 min cumulative periods of immobility. The averagefrequency of HVS was 2.3/30 min (range, l-7). For a HVS t ...
E1 Lec 11 Disorders of Basal Ganglia
... To control and regulate the activities of the motor and the premotor cortical areas via various reverberating circuits so that voluntary movements can be performed smoothly Motor activity is intricately controlled by the interactions of 3 major regions of the brain: cortex, cerebellum, and basal ...
... To control and regulate the activities of the motor and the premotor cortical areas via various reverberating circuits so that voluntary movements can be performed smoothly Motor activity is intricately controlled by the interactions of 3 major regions of the brain: cortex, cerebellum, and basal ...
Vagal Input to Lateral Area 3a in Cat Cortex
... provided the first anatomically identified demonstration of this putative visceral region in experimental animals. The results suggested that this region is continuous with the intraoral trigeminal representation in S1. However, these results did not provide a direct comparison with human cortex bec ...
... provided the first anatomically identified demonstration of this putative visceral region in experimental animals. The results suggested that this region is continuous with the intraoral trigeminal representation in S1. However, these results did not provide a direct comparison with human cortex bec ...