A Stress-Induced Shift From Trace to Delay Conditioning Depends
... (Figure 2), another CS1 that was followed by the US after an interval of 3 seconds (CS1trace), and a third stimulus that was never reinforced (conditioned stimulus not paired with the US, CS-) (27). Three gray-scaled pictures of neutral male faces served as CS (28,29), and the assignment to CS type ...
... (Figure 2), another CS1 that was followed by the US after an interval of 3 seconds (CS1trace), and a third stimulus that was never reinforced (conditioned stimulus not paired with the US, CS-) (27). Three gray-scaled pictures of neutral male faces served as CS (28,29), and the assignment to CS type ...
Diencephalon and Hypothalamus
... behavior; responsible for postpartum maternal behavior) functions. Melatonin is secreted by the pineal gland at night and is concerned with biological timing including sleep induction. ...
... behavior; responsible for postpartum maternal behavior) functions. Melatonin is secreted by the pineal gland at night and is concerned with biological timing including sleep induction. ...
Effects of Acute and Neurotoxic Exposure in the Rat
... suggest that that MDMA may induce cognitive (or behavioral) impairment in humans (1,16,19), as do extrapolations from animal studies (8,11). No one has previously examined whether the drug interferes with the initial acquisition of operant behavior, but such an effect would be significant in human u ...
... suggest that that MDMA may induce cognitive (or behavioral) impairment in humans (1,16,19), as do extrapolations from animal studies (8,11). No one has previously examined whether the drug interferes with the initial acquisition of operant behavior, but such an effect would be significant in human u ...
Hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus activation contributes to
... shown that sympathetic hyperactivity in HF rats is associated with increased extracellular NE in the PVN [42,43]. NE plays a critical role in the pathophysiology of HF [44,45]. GABA is a well-known inhibitory neurotransmitter in the CNS. A large body of evidence suggests that GABA plays an important ...
... shown that sympathetic hyperactivity in HF rats is associated with increased extracellular NE in the PVN [42,43]. NE plays a critical role in the pathophysiology of HF [44,45]. GABA is a well-known inhibitory neurotransmitter in the CNS. A large body of evidence suggests that GABA plays an important ...
The functional anatomy of basal ganglia disorders
... is the entopeduncular nucleus (EP), which is embedded in the fibers of the corticofugal tracts. The MGP and SNr receive direct projections from the striatum. In addition, an indirect projection from the striatum to the MGP and SNr begins with a projection from the striatum to the lateral globus pall ...
... is the entopeduncular nucleus (EP), which is embedded in the fibers of the corticofugal tracts. The MGP and SNr receive direct projections from the striatum. In addition, an indirect projection from the striatum to the MGP and SNr begins with a projection from the striatum to the lateral globus pall ...
Introduction to Artificial Neural Networks (ANNs)
... When an axon of cell A is near enough to excite a cell B and repeatedly or persistently takes part in firing it, some growth process or metabolic change takes place in one or both cells, such that A’s efficiency as one of the cells firing B, is increased. ...
... When an axon of cell A is near enough to excite a cell B and repeatedly or persistently takes part in firing it, some growth process or metabolic change takes place in one or both cells, such that A’s efficiency as one of the cells firing B, is increased. ...
A forward genetic screen with a thalamocortical emx2
... Figure 1 The TCA-TLZ reporter line marks thalamocortical axons specifically and consistently during development. (A) The TCA-TLZ reporter expresses beta-galactosidase in dorsal thalamic neurons (dTh) starting from E13, and reveals the development of their axon trajectory (TCAs) to cortex (ctx). Cort ...
... Figure 1 The TCA-TLZ reporter line marks thalamocortical axons specifically and consistently during development. (A) The TCA-TLZ reporter expresses beta-galactosidase in dorsal thalamic neurons (dTh) starting from E13, and reveals the development of their axon trajectory (TCAs) to cortex (ctx). Cort ...
Neural systems for guilt from actions affecting self versus others
... were partitioned into three conditions: (i) the guilt-self condition depicted actions by the participant that resulted in negative consequences to the participant, (ii) the guilt-other condition depicted actions by the participant that resulted in negative consequences to someone other than the part ...
... were partitioned into three conditions: (i) the guilt-self condition depicted actions by the participant that resulted in negative consequences to the participant, (ii) the guilt-other condition depicted actions by the participant that resulted in negative consequences to someone other than the part ...
Neuronal basis of contrast discrimination
... Psychophysical contrast increment thresholds were compared with neuronal responses, inferred from functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) to test the hypothesis that contrast discrimination judgements are limited by neuronal signals in early visual cortical areas. FMRI was used to measure human ...
... Psychophysical contrast increment thresholds were compared with neuronal responses, inferred from functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) to test the hypothesis that contrast discrimination judgements are limited by neuronal signals in early visual cortical areas. FMRI was used to measure human ...
Classical Conditioning
... – Unit subsections hyperlinks: Immediately after the unit title and module title slide, a page can be found listing all of the unit’s subsections. While in slide show mode, clicking on any of these hyperlinks will take the user directly to the beginning of that subsection. – Bold print term hyperlin ...
... – Unit subsections hyperlinks: Immediately after the unit title and module title slide, a page can be found listing all of the unit’s subsections. While in slide show mode, clicking on any of these hyperlinks will take the user directly to the beginning of that subsection. – Bold print term hyperlin ...
RESURGENCE OF RESPONSE SEQUENCES DURING
... noted that retraining a new sequence proceeded faster if the last response in the threeresponse sequence was changed compared to when the first response in the sequence was changed. Reid suggested that this finding implied greater response strength accrued to the last response in the sequence compar ...
... noted that retraining a new sequence proceeded faster if the last response in the threeresponse sequence was changed compared to when the first response in the sequence was changed. Reid suggested that this finding implied greater response strength accrued to the last response in the sequence compar ...
Crocodilian Forebrain: Evolution and Development
... In the dorsal thalamus of amniotes, two types of neurons are present: local circuit neurons (also called interneurons) and relay cells. Axons of local circuit neurons remain within their region of origin whereas axons of relay (projection) cells terminate outside of this area (Jones 2007). With the ...
... In the dorsal thalamus of amniotes, two types of neurons are present: local circuit neurons (also called interneurons) and relay cells. Axons of local circuit neurons remain within their region of origin whereas axons of relay (projection) cells terminate outside of this area (Jones 2007). With the ...
Morphometric changes of the central nervous system of
... of the prosoma and exoskeleton), by the absence of one or more appendages, and in their anatomy by the absence of neuromeres. This study was aimed at determining whether there is a correlation between the absence of a neuromere or its half in the subesophageal ganglia and the volume of the prosoma. ...
... of the prosoma and exoskeleton), by the absence of one or more appendages, and in their anatomy by the absence of neuromeres. This study was aimed at determining whether there is a correlation between the absence of a neuromere or its half in the subesophageal ganglia and the volume of the prosoma. ...
Reinforcement - Basic Knowledge 101
... Simply put, reinforcers serve to increase behaviors whereas punishers serve to decrease behaviors; thus, positive reinforcers are stimuli that the subject will work to attain, and negative reinforcers are stimuli that the subject will work to be rid of or to end.[15] The table below illustrates the ...
... Simply put, reinforcers serve to increase behaviors whereas punishers serve to decrease behaviors; thus, positive reinforcers are stimuli that the subject will work to attain, and negative reinforcers are stimuli that the subject will work to be rid of or to end.[15] The table below illustrates the ...
Basal Ganglia: Internal Organization
... which the dopaminergic nigrostriatal neurons are located, and the more ventral pars reticulata (SNr). In addition to these structures that are associated with motor and associative functions of the basal ganglia, there is a ventral division of the basal ganglia (ventral striatum or nucleus accumbens ...
... which the dopaminergic nigrostriatal neurons are located, and the more ventral pars reticulata (SNr). In addition to these structures that are associated with motor and associative functions of the basal ganglia, there is a ventral division of the basal ganglia (ventral striatum or nucleus accumbens ...
The role of brain in the regulation of glucose homeostasis
... It has been discovered that glucose-sensitive neurons in the hypothalamus responded to changes in the extracellular glucose in vitro. On applying this finding, studies have shown that neurons in the lateral hypothalamus exhibited heterogeneous responses to changes in plasma glucose. Type 1 neurons e ...
... It has been discovered that glucose-sensitive neurons in the hypothalamus responded to changes in the extracellular glucose in vitro. On applying this finding, studies have shown that neurons in the lateral hypothalamus exhibited heterogeneous responses to changes in plasma glucose. Type 1 neurons e ...
Visual Experience Is Necessary for Maintenance But Not
... the RFs in SC became fully refined in the dark, without any delay, yet they could not be maintained if animals remained in the dark as adults. These results are unexpected and important for understanding how early experience may influence the ability to recover from temporary vision loss late in lif ...
... the RFs in SC became fully refined in the dark, without any delay, yet they could not be maintained if animals remained in the dark as adults. These results are unexpected and important for understanding how early experience may influence the ability to recover from temporary vision loss late in lif ...
Acetylcholinesterase in central vocal control nuclei of the zebra finch
... and memory processes. The vocal repertoire in each case needs to be acquired. Once acquired it is either retained throughout life in a stereotyped manner, or can built upon. It may be lost in one season when not in use, and needs to be acquired anew in the next when required. The vocal control pathw ...
... and memory processes. The vocal repertoire in each case needs to be acquired. Once acquired it is either retained throughout life in a stereotyped manner, or can built upon. It may be lost in one season when not in use, and needs to be acquired anew in the next when required. The vocal control pathw ...
kbook or W NEUROLOGICAL DISORDERS
... Can we use what we know to control someone else’s brain? How likely is it that once we know exactly how the brain functions that we will be able to control another person’s brain? It sounds like science fiction, but we can actually do it right now, even with the limited knowledge we have. Transcrani ...
... Can we use what we know to control someone else’s brain? How likely is it that once we know exactly how the brain functions that we will be able to control another person’s brain? It sounds like science fiction, but we can actually do it right now, even with the limited knowledge we have. Transcrani ...
Models and Measurements of Functional Maps in V1
... the cortical maps of orientation, spatial frequency, and direction preference did not provide an appropriate description of cortical activity and, instead, proposed an alternative description of cortical organization: rather than having several separable parameters mapped across the cortical surface ...
... the cortical maps of orientation, spatial frequency, and direction preference did not provide an appropriate description of cortical activity and, instead, proposed an alternative description of cortical organization: rather than having several separable parameters mapped across the cortical surface ...
PDF
... (area 3b). However, hand use rapidly improves over the first post-lesion weeks, and much of the hand representational territory in contralateral area 3b is reactivated by inputs from the hand in roughly a normal somatotopic pattern. Quantitative measures of single neuron response properties reveal t ...
... (area 3b). However, hand use rapidly improves over the first post-lesion weeks, and much of the hand representational territory in contralateral area 3b is reactivated by inputs from the hand in roughly a normal somatotopic pattern. Quantitative measures of single neuron response properties reveal t ...
Multi-item Memory in the Primate Prefrontal Cortex
... The ability to retain multiple items in short-term memory is fundamental for cognition, yet almost nothing is known about its neural basis. To explore the mechanisms underlying this ability, we trained two monkeys to remember a sequence of two images across a short delay. We then recorded the activi ...
... The ability to retain multiple items in short-term memory is fundamental for cognition, yet almost nothing is known about its neural basis. To explore the mechanisms underlying this ability, we trained two monkeys to remember a sequence of two images across a short delay. We then recorded the activi ...
pre_print_Blunted_and_exaggerated_cardiac_stress_reactivity
... conditions: a congruent condition and an incongruent condition. The two conditions, each lasting 52-60 seconds were administered in a blocked design, and each was preceded by a 1017 second rest period where participants fixated on a crosshair. In both MSIT task conditions participants were presented ...
... conditions: a congruent condition and an incongruent condition. The two conditions, each lasting 52-60 seconds were administered in a blocked design, and each was preceded by a 1017 second rest period where participants fixated on a crosshair. In both MSIT task conditions participants were presented ...