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Nonlinear atom optics - University of Arizona
... are however notable exceptions, such as the use of material gratings in atomic and molecular beam diffraction and interference experiments [3], and the use of magnetic fields for trapping of cold atoms and the realization of Bose-Einstein condensates. Very much like conventional optics can be organi ...
... are however notable exceptions, such as the use of material gratings in atomic and molecular beam diffraction and interference experiments [3], and the use of magnetic fields for trapping of cold atoms and the realization of Bose-Einstein condensates. Very much like conventional optics can be organi ...
6 Chemical Bonding – Orbital Theory
... ith a knowledge of the electronic structure of atoms and their orbitals as background, we now proceed to discuss the behaviour of atoms when their ‘atomic orbitals’ interact to form chemical bonds. Free atoms have a random motion and possess energies. Farther the atoms are more will be the energy of ...
... ith a knowledge of the electronic structure of atoms and their orbitals as background, we now proceed to discuss the behaviour of atoms when their ‘atomic orbitals’ interact to form chemical bonds. Free atoms have a random motion and possess energies. Farther the atoms are more will be the energy of ...
73 013601 (2006)
... that can be observed in experiments 关12兴. It is therefore important to understand the route to chaos with increasing interactions. This problem has recently been studied for the kicked BEC in a harmonic oscillator 关6兴. In Ref. 关13兴, we have investigated the quantum dynamics of a BEC with repulsive i ...
... that can be observed in experiments 关12兴. It is therefore important to understand the route to chaos with increasing interactions. This problem has recently been studied for the kicked BEC in a harmonic oscillator 关6兴. In Ref. 关13兴, we have investigated the quantum dynamics of a BEC with repulsive i ...
1 MATTER: Anything which occupies space , has volume and can
... e. Irregular cleavage, e.g. when cut with a sharp edged tool, they cut into two pieces with irregular surfaces. f. Also called as pseudo solids or super cooled liquids. This is because they have a tendency to flow, though very slowly. h. Also called pseudo solids (highly super cooled liquid of very ...
... e. Irregular cleavage, e.g. when cut with a sharp edged tool, they cut into two pieces with irregular surfaces. f. Also called as pseudo solids or super cooled liquids. This is because they have a tendency to flow, though very slowly. h. Also called pseudo solids (highly super cooled liquid of very ...
Sahand University of Technology
... 1. It must wet the surfaces, that is it must spread and make a contact angle approaching zero. Intimate contact is required between the molecules of the adhesive and the atoms and molecules in the surface. When applied the adhesive will be a liquid of relatively low viscosity. 2. The adhesive must t ...
... 1. It must wet the surfaces, that is it must spread and make a contact angle approaching zero. Intimate contact is required between the molecules of the adhesive and the atoms and molecules in the surface. When applied the adhesive will be a liquid of relatively low viscosity. 2. The adhesive must t ...
Optical Third-Harmonic Generation in Alkali Metal Vapors
... vapor inert gas system was proposed by Harris and Miles coupling may be neglected by replacing the split resonance [3], and demonstrated by Young et al. [4]. lines with an average resonance. Angular and spin of the hydrogen eigenstates then become identical to those 11. CALCULATION OF THE SUSCEPTIBI ...
... vapor inert gas system was proposed by Harris and Miles coupling may be neglected by replacing the split resonance [3], and demonstrated by Young et al. [4]. lines with an average resonance. Angular and spin of the hydrogen eigenstates then become identical to those 11. CALCULATION OF THE SUSCEPTIBI ...
Module P8.3 Multi
... structures are generalizations of that of sodium. For example, the first (n = 1) shell of each element is found to accommodate at most two electrons whereas the second (n = 2) shell can contain at most eight. In this way, the successive ionization energies provide a simple, though rather crude, pict ...
... structures are generalizations of that of sodium. For example, the first (n = 1) shell of each element is found to accommodate at most two electrons whereas the second (n = 2) shell can contain at most eight. In this way, the successive ionization energies provide a simple, though rather crude, pict ...
P-BLOCK ELEMENTS
... (iv) Electronegativity: Electronegativity of group-13 elements decreases from Boron to Aluminium and then increases slightly. (iv) Physical Properties: Boron is non-metallic, extremely hard and black coloured solid. It exists in many allotropic forms. Boron has unusually high melting point due to st ...
... (iv) Electronegativity: Electronegativity of group-13 elements decreases from Boron to Aluminium and then increases slightly. (iv) Physical Properties: Boron is non-metallic, extremely hard and black coloured solid. It exists in many allotropic forms. Boron has unusually high melting point due to st ...
Answers - Pearson
... expect a solid to be more dense than its liquid, and therefore that ice would sink in water. 8 Bubbles will be present through the volume of the liquid. A brown gas is visible above the brown liquid. As the two states are at the same temperature, the particles have the same average kinetic energy ...
... expect a solid to be more dense than its liquid, and therefore that ice would sink in water. 8 Bubbles will be present through the volume of the liquid. A brown gas is visible above the brown liquid. As the two states are at the same temperature, the particles have the same average kinetic energy ...
Chapter 3 Molecules, Compounds, and Chemical Equations How
... • Most polyatomic ions are oxyanions, anions containing oxygen and another element. • Notice that when a series of oxyanions contains different numbers of oxygen atoms, they are named according to the number of oxygen atoms in the ion. • If there are two ions in the series, • the one with more oxyge ...
... • Most polyatomic ions are oxyanions, anions containing oxygen and another element. • Notice that when a series of oxyanions contains different numbers of oxygen atoms, they are named according to the number of oxygen atoms in the ion. • If there are two ions in the series, • the one with more oxyge ...
Notes Sheet - mychemcourse
... mass of the sample in grams is numerically equal to the atomic mass of the element. Scientists have discovered that this mass of an element contains 6.02 x 1023 atoms of that element. This number is called Avogadro’s number. Avogadro’s number of particles is called a mole of particles. The mole is t ...
... mass of the sample in grams is numerically equal to the atomic mass of the element. Scientists have discovered that this mass of an element contains 6.02 x 1023 atoms of that element. This number is called Avogadro’s number. Avogadro’s number of particles is called a mole of particles. The mole is t ...
9647 H2 Chemistry
... 10. bring together knowledge, principles and concepts from different areas of chemistry, and apply them in a particular context 11. use chemical skills in contexts which bring together different areas of the subject. These assessment objectives cannot be precisely specified in the Syllabus Content b ...
... 10. bring together knowledge, principles and concepts from different areas of chemistry, and apply them in a particular context 11. use chemical skills in contexts which bring together different areas of the subject. These assessment objectives cannot be precisely specified in the Syllabus Content b ...
Dynamics of Entanglement for Two-Electron Atoms
... possess a number of extra problems when they are compared with systems with discrete degrees of freedom. One particularly acute is the lack of exact solutions. The existence of exact solutions has contributed enormously to the understanding of the entanglement for systems with finite degrees of free ...
... possess a number of extra problems when they are compared with systems with discrete degrees of freedom. One particularly acute is the lack of exact solutions. The existence of exact solutions has contributed enormously to the understanding of the entanglement for systems with finite degrees of free ...
Paramagnetic organometallic compounds – The example chromium
... (µeff = 3.2 µB) exhibits a very broad 1H NMR resonance at ca 324 ppm, and its 13C NMR resonance has been located at – 325 ppm!7. Despite these inconvenient and somewhat uninformative NMR data, chromocene is a very interesting molecule; for example, when supported on silica it forms a highly active e ...
... (µeff = 3.2 µB) exhibits a very broad 1H NMR resonance at ca 324 ppm, and its 13C NMR resonance has been located at – 325 ppm!7. Despite these inconvenient and somewhat uninformative NMR data, chromocene is a very interesting molecule; for example, when supported on silica it forms a highly active e ...
Theoretical Investigations Regarding Single Molecules
... which effectively behave like artificial atoms.2,38 While these artificial atoms could be used to construct artificial molecules, at the moment only double or triple quantum dots have been produced. Molecules on the other hand, are usually much larger. However, experimentally it has so far proved di ...
... which effectively behave like artificial atoms.2,38 While these artificial atoms could be used to construct artificial molecules, at the moment only double or triple quantum dots have been produced. Molecules on the other hand, are usually much larger. However, experimentally it has so far proved di ...
Monte Carlo Simulation of Water Radiolysis for
... of residual ions. Excitation cross sections and elastic scattering were taken into account in this work. Elastic collisions transfer little or no energy but can have a significant effect on the spatial character of the track structure at very low energies. When fast ions slow down around the Bragg p ...
... of residual ions. Excitation cross sections and elastic scattering were taken into account in this work. Elastic collisions transfer little or no energy but can have a significant effect on the spatial character of the track structure at very low energies. When fast ions slow down around the Bragg p ...
Paper
... the case of two distinguishable atoms. Without the knowledge of the exact interatomic potentials the energies of the weakest bound molecular states cannot be predicted. However, one can still approximate the molecular hyperfine structure and Zeeman shifts and predict a pattern of Feshbach resonances ...
... the case of two distinguishable atoms. Without the knowledge of the exact interatomic potentials the energies of the weakest bound molecular states cannot be predicted. However, one can still approximate the molecular hyperfine structure and Zeeman shifts and predict a pattern of Feshbach resonances ...
Document
... Water is a good solvent for ionic compounds because it is a polar molecule. The polarity of water results from electron distributions within the molecule. The oxygen atom has an attraction for the hydrogen atoms’ electrons and is therefore partially negative compared to hydrogen. The oxygen atom is ...
... Water is a good solvent for ionic compounds because it is a polar molecule. The polarity of water results from electron distributions within the molecule. The oxygen atom has an attraction for the hydrogen atoms’ electrons and is therefore partially negative compared to hydrogen. The oxygen atom is ...
U-6 Stoichiometry Notes
... weighing, determining volume, etc. Which technique we employ is determined, in large part, by our purpose. It is also necessary, when determining which technique to use, to consider what type of measurement is easiest to make or even feasible. Consider the chemical reaction below: C12(g) + 2KI(aq) — ...
... weighing, determining volume, etc. Which technique we employ is determined, in large part, by our purpose. It is also necessary, when determining which technique to use, to consider what type of measurement is easiest to make or even feasible. Consider the chemical reaction below: C12(g) + 2KI(aq) — ...
Optical cooling of interacting atoms in a tightly confined trap
... to temperatures much lower than Doppler cooling. The method of Sisyphus cooling of atoms was first proposed by Pritchard [22]. It involves an atom having degenerate sub-levels in its electronic ground and excited states. It uses counter-propagating polarized lasers to produce spin-dependent and spat ...
... to temperatures much lower than Doppler cooling. The method of Sisyphus cooling of atoms was first proposed by Pritchard [22]. It involves an atom having degenerate sub-levels in its electronic ground and excited states. It uses counter-propagating polarized lasers to produce spin-dependent and spat ...
manipulating single atoms - Quantum technologies
... As a result of this breakthrough, trapped ions became prime objects for studying and illustrating light–matter interactions at the ultimate microscopic level, i.e., single particles interacting with well-controlled light fields. Interesting advances in the 1980s include the observation of quantum ju ...
... As a result of this breakthrough, trapped ions became prime objects for studying and illustrating light–matter interactions at the ultimate microscopic level, i.e., single particles interacting with well-controlled light fields. Interesting advances in the 1980s include the observation of quantum ju ...
Chemical bond
A chemical bond is an attraction between atoms that allows the formation of chemical substances that contain two or more atoms. The bond is caused by the electrostatic force of attraction between opposite charges, either between electrons and nuclei, or as the result of a dipole attraction. The strength of chemical bonds varies considerably; there are ""strong bonds"" such as covalent or ionic bonds and ""weak bonds"" such as Dipole-dipole interaction, the London dispersion force and hydrogen bonding.Since opposite charges attract via a simple electromagnetic force, the negatively charged electrons that are orbiting the nucleus and the positively charged protons in the nucleus attract each other. An electron positioned between two nuclei will be attracted to both of them, and the nuclei will be attracted toward electrons in this position. This attraction constitutes the chemical bond. Due to the matter wave nature of electrons and their smaller mass, they must occupy a much larger amount of volume compared with the nuclei, and this volume occupied by the electrons keeps the atomic nuclei relatively far apart, as compared with the size of the nuclei themselves. This phenomenon limits the distance between nuclei and atoms in a bond.In general, strong chemical bonding is associated with the sharing or transfer of electrons between the participating atoms. The atoms in molecules, crystals, metals and diatomic gases—indeed most of the physical environment around us—are held together by chemical bonds, which dictate the structure and the bulk properties of matter.All bonds can be explained by quantum theory, but, in practice, simplification rules allow chemists to predict the strength, directionality, and polarity of bonds. The octet rule and VSEPR theory are two examples. More sophisticated theories are valence bond theory which includes orbital hybridization and resonance, and the linear combination of atomic orbitals molecular orbital method which includes ligand field theory. Electrostatics are used to describe bond polarities and the effects they have on chemical substances.